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Hinz, Manfred (Passau) RWG I. Renaissance (RWG) [English version] A. Definition (RWG) Unter Humanismus der Ren. (HR) versteht man eine lit. und philol. Bewegung, die sich mit Petrarca zunächst an den Höfen und Stadtoligarchien (in geringerem Maß an den Univ.) It. durchsetzte, die die Imitation und Wiederherstellung des klass. Lat. (im wesentlichen Ciceros für die Prosa und Vergils für metr. Texte) zum Ziel hatte und sowohl von der Produzenten- wie Rezipientenseite auf einer neuentstandenen, nicht-klerikalen…

Plebeischer Familienname (in den Hss. häufig mit Coelius verwechselt), seit dem 2.Jh. v.Chr. bezeugt (ThlL, Onom. 24-26). I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] C., C. (Pro-)Praetor in Gallia Cisalpina 90 v.Chr. praetor oder propraetor in Gallia Cisalpina 90 v.Chr. (Liv. per. 73; MRR 2,25). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] C., C. s. C. Coelius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 3] C., M. Volkstribun im 2.Jh. v.Chr. Volkstribun im 2.Jh. v.Chr, gegen den Cato vielleicht als Censor 184 v.Chr. eine Rede hielt (ORF I4 46-48) [1. 86]. Elvers, K…

Plebeischer Gentilname, nachweisbar vom 5. Jh. v. Chr. bis zum Ende der Ant. ([II 13] und [II 14] sind wohl gegen die Quellen keine Patrizier). Prominenz erlangte die Familie im 2. Jh. v. Chr. mit dem Redner M. Antonius [I 7] und seinen Nachkommen. Pseudogenealogie sah in Ἄντων, einem Heraklessohn, den Ahnherren (Plut. Ant. 4,2; 36,7; 60,5). I. Republik [English version] [I 1] A., A. Gesandter 168 v. Chr. Gesandter an Perseus nach der Schlacht von Pydna 168 v. Chr. wegen seiner Auslieferung (Liv. 45,4,7). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] A., C. Hybrida, cos. 6…

(Ἡράκλειτος). [English version] [1] H. von Ephesos ionischer Philosoph, um 500 v. Chr. Sohn des Bloson, herausragende Persönlichkeit der ion. Philosophie. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [English version] A. Zur Person H.' Hauptschaffenszeit ist um 500-503 v.Chr. anzusetzen (Diog. Laert. 9,1). Seine Familie hatte im öffentl. Leben von Ephesos eine führende Position. Die doxographische Überl. verzeichnet zahlreiche Anekdoten über H.' Arroganz und Verachtung seiner Mitbürger wie der Menschheit im allg., die meist auf den Fragmenten des H. selbst beruhen. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) …

Röm. plebeischer Gentilname, abgeleitet von dem Individualcognomen Flavus (“der Blonde”) durch Zugehörigkeitssuffix -ius, abgekürzt Fl. Die Träger des bereits in republikanischer Zeit häufigen Namens waren zunächst polit. unbedeutend; erst F. [I 5] gelangte in die röm. Nobilität. In der Kaiserzeit wurde der Name durch die Bürgerrechtsverleihungen der flavischen Kaiser Vespasian, Titus und Domitian (68-96 n.Chr.) im röm. Reich weitverbreitet. In der Spätantike (4.-6. Jh.) war Fl. zunächst gentilicium der Familie Constantinus' I. (sog. 2. Flavische Dynastie). A…

(Εὔδημος). [English version] [1] Bildhauer in Milet, 1. H. 6. Jh. v. Chr. Bildhauer in Milet. Er signierte eine männliche Sitzstatue aus der 1. H. des 6. Jh. v.Chr., einer der frühesten Branchidai von Didyma. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) Bibliography Fuchs/Floren, 373-375 Loewy, Nr.3 K. Tuchelt, Die archa. Skulpturen von Didyma, 1970, 77-78, 121. [English version] [2] aus Zypern Freund des Aristoteles, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Etwa gleichaltriger Freund des Aristoteles, beteiligte sich als Anhänger Dions [I 1] an dem Sturz von Dionysios II. und fiel in den Kämpfen, die a…

(Λυσίας). [English version] [1] att. Logograph, 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Attischer Logograph, 459/8 oder ca. 445 bis ca. 380 v.Chr. Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) [English version] A. Leben Die wesentlichen biographischen Fakten sind eigenen Reden des L. zu entnehmen (bes. or. 12), aus denen z.T. die späteren Viten (Dion. Hal. de Lysia; Ps.-Plut. mor. 835c ff.) und die byz. Gelehrsamkeit (Phot. bibl. 262; Suda s.v. L.) schöpfen. Geb. wohl um 445, siedelte L. im Alter von 15 J. zusammen mit seinem älteren Bruder Polemarchos i…

(Δίφιλος). [English version] [1] Athener. Betreiber eines Silberbergwerks um 330 v. Chr. Athener. Betreiber eines Silberbergwerks. Er wurde um 330 v.Chr. wegen gesetzwidrigen Abbaus der mesokrineís (Pfeiler), die als Markscheiden für die Grubenanteile und als Sicherheitsstützen dienten, von Lykurg angeklagt und zum Tode verurteilt. Das Vermögen von 160 Talenten wurde eingezogen und an die Bürger verteilt (Ps.-Plut. mor. 843D). Bergbau Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography J. Engels, Studien zur polit. Biographie des Hypereides, 21993, 224-237  M.H. Hansen, Demogra…

(Ἀγαθοκλῆς; Agathoklês) [German version] [1] of Athens Archon 357/56 BC Archon 357/56 BC (Dem. Or. 47,44; Diod. Sic. 16,9). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Tyrant King of Syracuse (316-288 BC) Later king of Syracuse, born 361/0 BC in Thermae in Sicily. Son of Carcinus, who had been banned from Rhegium, and who under  Timoleon had received citizenship in Syracuse and had a pottery manufactory. A. had an adventurous youth, participated in several martial undertakings and early on fostered broad-reaching politica…

(Λυσίμαχος; Lysímachos). [German version] [1] Athenian, 5th cent. BC Athenian, son of Aristides [1], born around 480 BC, is a dialogue partner in Plato's Láchēs (178ff.), where he is represented as the prototype of the unsuccessful son of a celebrated father. A decree mentioned by Demosthenes (20,115; cf. Plut. Aristides 27), according to which L. is said to have been granted support from the state because he was penniless after the death of his father, is probably a construction from the 4th cent. Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography Davies 1695 III-IV. [German version] [2] G…

(Ἀνδρόνικος; Andrónikos). [German version] [1] from Olynthus Macedonian officer (2nd half of the 4th cent. BC) Participated in all campaigns of  Alexander [II 4]. 315 BC officer of  Antigonus [1] at Tyre, then advisor of  Demetrius [2], whom he advised 312 to decline the battle at Gaza. In the battle he commanded the cavalry at the right flank and escaped after the defeat to Tyre, where he took over command and was able to hold the city for a time. At the end, delivered by the garrison to  Ptolemaeus [1], by whom he was honoured as a friend. Diod. Sic. 19. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliograph…

(Καλλίμαχος; Kallímachos). [German version] [1] Athenian, 490 BC archon and supreme commander at Marathon Athenian, árchōn polémarchos ( Archontes) in 490 BC, supreme commander at  Marathon (490 BC). It is disputed if C. was appointed polémarchos by lot (Hdt. 6,109). Aristotle's claim (Ath. Pol. 22,5) that the archontes were first selected by lot in 487/86 appears preferable. But perhaps areas of responsibility were already distributed among them by lot after 509/8. C. only nominally held supreme command, but he was a voting mem…

(Ζώπυρος; Zṓpyros). [German version] [1] Persian, took part in the capture of Babylon Prominent Persian, son of Megabyzus [1], who according to Hdt. 3,153ff. had the gates of rebelling Babylon opened to Darius [1] I by using a ruse (self-mutilation and pretending to be a victim of the Great King). For this deceptive manoeuvre (Polyaenus, Strat. 7,13; referring to King Cyrus: Frontin. Str. 3,3,4) Z. allegedly received from Darius the satrapy of Babylonia for life and tribute-free, but he was killed when the B…

[German version] A. Greek (Σαβῖνος; Sabînos) [German version] [1] Hippocratic physician and commentator on Hippocrates, 1st-2nd cent. AD Hippocratic physician and commentator on Hippocrates, who was active in the 1st to 2nd cent. AD. He was the teacher of Metrodorus [8] and Stratonicus, who in turn was the teacher of Galen; the latter regarded S. as a more careful and concise interpreter of Hippocrates [6] than his predecessors had been (CMG 5,10,2,1, p. 17, 329-330; 5,10,2,2, p. 510). S.' weakness lay mainly in …

Hinz, Berthold (Kassel RWG) I. Renaissance (CT) [German version] A. Definition (CT) Renaissance Humanism (RH) is understood as a literary and philological movement which first established itself with Petrarch in the courts and city oligarchies of Italy (and to a lesser extent in the universities).  Its objective was to imitate and restore Classical Latin (essentially Cicero's for prose and Vergil's for metric texts), in view of a newly arisen, non-clerical, urban bourgeois educated class for both production…

(Ἀθηναῖος; Athēnaîos). [German version] [1] Lacedaemonian, contributed in 423 BC to the truce with Athens Lacedaemonian, son of Periclidas, contributed in 423 BC to the truce with Athens (Thuc. 4,119), which he officially announced to  Brasidas a little later together with the Athenian Aristonymus (Thuc. 4,122). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Attalus I of Pergamum, member of the 'Royal Council' A. was, as the youngest son of Attalus I of Pergamum, a member of the ‘Royal Council’; he is also documented as an agonothete (Alt. Perg. 8,3,…

Roman cognomen, which originally designated bodily size or birth order (‘the Elder’), as in the Republican period in the case of Sp. Postumius Albinus M. ( cos. 148 BC) and T. Roscius M. (Cic. Rosc. Am. 17) [1. 275; 3. 47]. As an assumption of the epithet of Alexander [4] ‘the Great’ (ὁ μέγας/ ho mégas, in the sense of great historical importance), first taken by Cn. Pompeius ( cos. 70 and 55) in the 1st cent. BC, then inherited by his sons Cn. and Sex. Pompeius and their descendants. Sex. Pompeius used M. also as a praenomen resp. nomen gentile [4. 364f.]. In the Imperial period, more frequen…

(Διοκλῆς; Dioklês). [German version] [1] Hero in Megara Hero in Megara. He supposedly died in battle, bravely covering a youth with his shield. At his grave boys competed for who could give the sweetest kiss. This agon, which took place every spring, was called Dioclea (Schol. Pind. Ol. 7,157; 13,156a; Theoc. 12,27-33 with Schol.: Aition). Perhaps the kisses represented farewell kisses repeated in the cult of the hero ([1]; to the contrary [2]). According to Schol. Aristoph. Ach.774 the agon was founded…

In the 1st cent. BC, vernacular form of the gentilicium  Claudius (C. [I 4] and  Clodia), since late Republican period also an independent family name. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] C., C. Praefect of M. Brutus in 43/42 BC In 43/42 BC follower and prefect of M. Brutus; he murdered C. Antonius [I 3]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] C., Sex. Henchman of P. Clodius [I 4] Pulcher, Sex. Cloelius [2] Henchman of P. Clodius [I 4] Pulcher, Sex.  Cloelius [2]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 3] C. Aesopus Tragic actor, 2nd half of the 1st cent. BC Tragic …

(Νικίας; Nikías). [German version] [1] Important commander in the Peloponnesian War, c.470-413 BC Son of Niceratus of Athens, born c.470 BC, died 413; one of the most important commanders in the Peloponnesian War. After the death of Pericles, N. competed with Cleon [1] for influence in the popular assembly and the assignment of military commands. His policy was directed towards ending the aggressive Athenian politics of expansion and towards reconciliation with Sparta. From 427, N. was regularly elected stratēgós . He led expeditions against Minoa [4…