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[English version] Die D. ist in frühkelt. Zeit (6./5. Jh.v.Chr.) in der Hallstatt-Kultur indirekt an Bronzeknöpfen, Bernsteinperlen, Ringen aus Sapropelit usw. an Hand der Drehspuren nachweisbar. Auf der Heuneburg sind Werkabfälle einer Dreherei erhalten. Im 6. Jh.v.Chr. sind auch gedrehte Holzgefäße bekannt (Drechslerei). Die D. selbst kann nur aus ant. bzw. ma. Darstellungen und Quellen erschlossen werden; sie kam wohl früher als die Drehscheibe aus dem griech.-etr. Bereich über die Alpen. Auch …

[English version] Wie im griech.-röm. Bereich kommt den Q. in den kelt. und german. Kulturen neben den Gewässer- oder Moorfunden eine besondere Bed. zu. Arch. Belege dafür sind v. a. der kelt. Thermalquellfund von Dux (Duchov) in Nordböhmen aus dem späten 4. Jh. v. Chr. und die german. Funde aus den Brodelquellen von Bad Pyrmont in Niedersachsen vom 1.-4. Jh. n. Chr. In beiden Komplexen dominieren mit Hunderten von Exemplaren die Fibeln (Nadel; z. T. mit Benutzungsspuren). Die Q. werden als Opfergaben im Rahmen eines Fruchtbarkeitskultes interpretiert. Germani…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kelten In der Wetterau gelegener Ort mit reichen Solequellen, die schon in spätkelt. Zeit (1.Jh. v.Chr.) als Salinen mit Briquetageresten (Gradierbecken, Öfen, Tonfässer, Formgefäße) ausgebeutet wurden. Siedlungsspuren im Stadtbereich, eine Abschnittsbefestigung auf dem Johannisberg, ein großes Brandgräberfeld sowie ein kelt. Münzschatz gehören zu diesem Wirtschaftszentrum. Augusteische Lagerspuren im Stadtgebiet und ein Versorgungslager i…

[English version] Der Mooropferplatz von O., Kr. Mühlhausen (Thüringen) wurde 1957-64 vollständig ausgegraben, jedoch bisher erst in Teilen publiziert. Es handelt sich um einen germanischen Kultplatz, der vom 6. Jh.v.Chr. bis ins 4. Jh.n.Chr. benutzt wurde und in vorchristl. Zeit auch starke keltische Einflüsse aufweist. Im Moor waren durch Stein- oder Stangensetzungen verschiedene Kultbereiche abgetrennt, in denen überwiegend Fruchtbarkeitsopfer stattfanden, wie zahlreiche Tierknochen (bes. Rind …

[English version] Nach dem Fundort A. benannte Kultur der jüngeren Eisenzeit (4.-1.Jh. v.Chr.) in der östl. Grafschaft Yorkshire (England), die hauptsächlich aus Grabhügeln mit quadratischen Einfassungen (Grabbauten; Bestattung) bekannt ist. In reichen (Krieger-) Gräbern ist die Beigabe von Streitwagen typisch. Neben Kontakten zur kelt. Kultur des Kontinents (kelt. Archäologie) werden heute starke indigene Traditionen betont. Pingel, Volker (Bochum) Bibliography B. Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain, 1974  I.M. Stead, Iron Age Cemiteries in East Yorkshire…

[German version] A. General Celtic archaeology (CA) investigates the material legacy of groups of the population from the Iron Age, mostly in southern and south-western Central Europe, in addition to the  Germanic archaeology, which borders onto it to the north and north-east. This concerns the  Hallstatt culture of the early and the  La Tène culture of the late Iron Age. The equating of this archaeologically knowable cultures with the ethnicity of the  Celts is not constantly and unambiguously poss…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts The tomb of a Celtic 'princess' from the second half of the 4th century BC was discovered in 1869 at W. (in the district of Mainz-Bingen); originally, it was probably covered by a large tumulus which has not survived. Of the rich surviving furnishing, ornate gold neck, arm and leg jewellery, parts of ornate belts, a Celtic bronze jug, a bronze bucket from Campania and parts of a two-wheeled war chariot are remarkable. The Celtic ornamentat…

[German version] (Cuxhaven district). Cremation burial fields of the early Imperial era (2nd/3rd cents. AD) with bronze or brass vessels that were used as urns. The finding-place gave its name to the typical Hemmoor buckets, some of which have richly decorated rims and attachments; They come from Roman workshops in the Rhineland.  Germanic archaeology;  Urna Pingel, Volker (Bochum) Bibliography M. Erdrich, Zu den Messingeimern vom Hemmoorer Typ, in: R. Busch (ed.), Rom an der Niederelbe, 1995, 71-80 H. Willers, Die röm. Bronzeeimer von H., 1901.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Located in the Wetterau region, the town is rich in saltwater springs that were exploited already in the late Celtic period (1st cent. BC) as saltworks with remnants of briquetage (grading basins, ovens, clay barrels, forming vessels). There are still traces of settlements in the city area such as a fortification of a section on the Johannisberg, a large field of cremation graves, and a hoard of Celtic coins that all bear witness to the to…

[German version] A peat bog in Süderbrarup (in Schleswig-Holstein), from which numerous finds of the most varied kinds, e.g. weapons, jewellery, tools, coins, textiles and pots, (1st cent. BC to 4th cent. AD) were recovered in the second half of the 19th cent. The place of the finds is interpreted as a central cult and sacrifice site for the Germanic Angle tribe. The objects found are also from Roman workshops among other places, and (as gifts or booty?) from Germanic tribes neighbouring to the so…

[German version] The D. near Hallein (Salzburg) was a centre of Celtic culture in Central Europe from the Hallstatt period (6th cent. BC). Early salt-mining brought the partly fortified settlement in the upper valley of the D. economic prosperity rendering it important well beyond the region. This is attested by rich burials, esp. from the early La Tène period (5th/4th cent. BC), with lavish grave-goods and many southern imports. D. lost importance in the late Celtic period (2nd/1st cent. BC), and the settlement shifted to the valley of the Salzach around Hallein.  M…

[German version] Named after the archaeological site La Tène (field name) at Thielle on Lake Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel Canton, Switzerland. Soon after the discovery in the mid 19th cent., the La Tène Culture (LTC)/La Tène Period was recognized as typical of the later Iron Age in much of Central Europe and neighbouring areas. The site itself is, however, not particularly typical of the LTC, firstly because it offers a cross-section of finds (above all weapons and iron implements, wooden parts, etc.) tha…

[German version] H.-Ditzingen, district of Ludwigsburg: finding-place of a stone statue of a warrior from the late  Hallstatt culture (6th/5th cents. BC). The ‘Stele of H.’, which is approximately life-size (extant H 1.50 m) and totally three-dimensional, represents the naked figure of a man with a conical hat or  helmet, mask (?), neck ring ( Torques),  belt and a typical Hallstatt dagger. It was lying at the edge of the encirclement wall of a burial mound from the late Hallstatt culture that it originally crowned. Its design shows both Graeco-Etruscan and local Celtic elements. …

[German version] These mound dwellings (German: Wurte) originated as individual farms in the marshes between Denmark and the Netherlands (where they are called terpen) in the Germanic settlement area along the southern North Sea coast in the 2nd/1st cents. BC during regression phases of the North Sea. In the course of subsequent cents., these locations were deliberately elevated into settlement mounds because of the rise in sea level and increasing numbers of storm floods. Mounds of several meters height that could co…

[German version] Coloured molten glass decoration applied to metal (mostly bronze). The Celtic  La Tène Culture (late 5th-1st cent. BC) was the heyday for enamel in Central Europe, the knowledge for it possibly originating in the Achaemenid East. The Celts used almost only red enamel (‘blood-enamel’), probably because of its similarity to  Coral.  Jewellery (fibulae, necklaces, parts of belts etc.), bronze vessels, and  weapons (helmets, swords) etc. were decorated with enamel. Workshops for enamel were found in   oppida in particular ( Bibracte). Ename…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Princely graves, Princely seats The G. is an early Celtic (5th cent. BC) princely seat with a princely grave ( Princes, tombs and residences of; s. also the map) that lies a good 30 km north of Frankfurt/Main on the eastern edge of Wetterau in Hesse. The G. rises as a high plateau c. 150 m over the plain; it comprises an area of c. 8 ha. Initial excavations took place already in the 1930s and were continued in the 1980s and 1990s, only then truly shedding light on the importance of the place. The G. was a…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Late Celtic burial ground in Kent which gave its name to the A. culture in south-eastern England; cremation burials of the period between 50 BC and AD 50 are typical, and the burial gifts (Celtic lathe-turned ceramics and fibulae) demonstrate the existence of close connections with the Continent, which are possibly an indication of immigration of the  Belgae. The more sumptuous graves (e.g. Lexden) also contained ornamental bronze vessel fittings decorated in the Celtic style, amphorae and silver goblets. …

[German version] Prehistoric finds assemblage of the 5th to 3rd cents. BC in central Lower Saxony, named after burial mounds near Nienburg on the river Weser (Germanic archaeology, map). It is the westernmost group of the Jastorf culture. Typical elements of the NG are cremation burials in mounds, certain types of pottery and adornments (earrings). Occasionally Celtic imports occur; there is also evidence for iron working. Celtic archaeology; Funerary architecture III.G; Iron; Jewellery Pingel, Volker (Bochum) Bibliography H.-J. Hässler, Ur- und Frühgeschichte in Niedersa…

[German version] Term for bodies or body parts of dead humans found in bogs, which ended up there for various, usually unclear reasons (e.g. sacrifice, punishment, burial, accident, battle). Most of the several hundred cases are from the bogs of northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands and date - in as far as can be determined (by carbon dating, pollen analysis) - predominantly to the later Iron Age (from c. 500 BC) and the Roman Imperial period of the centuries around the birth of Christ. Because of the mostly well-preserved state of the organic substances …

[German version] Method of constructing fortifications from wood, stones and soil widespread through Central Europe during the Iron Age, in which the dry-stone wall fronts had vertical gaps positioned at regular intervals. Basically two types can be distinguished according to their construction: one in which the rear of the wall was similar, and layers of crossbeams were incorporated in the body of the wall, linking the two surfaces (Altkönig-Preist type), and another in which a raised earth ramp …