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Awḥad al-Dīn al-Rāzī (seventh/thirteenth century) was a philosopher-mystic, physician, and Persian poet. His exact dates are unknown, but he was a contemporary of the famous philosopher and scientist Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (d. 672/1274) and a protégé of the powerful vizier Shams al-Dīn al-Juwaynī (executed in 683/1284), to whom he dedicated his Persian philosophical-mystical treatise Ḥakīm-nāma or Ijtimāʿ-i ʿallāma. Rāzī wrote this treatise in a combination of prose and poetry and in the form of a dialogue between the Universal Intellect and the rationa…

Abū Manṣūr Maʿmar b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ziyād al-Iṣfahānī (d. 418/1027) was a traditionist, a self-proclaimed Ḥanbalī Ṣūfī shaykh, and author of several treatises on Ṣūfī doctrine and a Ṣūfī manual. Born between 335/946 and 339/950, in Isfahan, Abū Manṣūr studied there with renowned traditionists of his time, such as Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī (d. 353/964), Abū l-Qāsim al-Ṭabarānī (d. 360/971), and ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Ḥayyān (d. 369/979), known as Abū l-Shaykh. He was also …

Amīn al-Dīn Abū l-Qāsim Ḥājjī Bula (or Ḥājj Bula) (d. 720/1320) was a religious writer and an influential Ṣūfī shaykh of Tabriz in the second half of the seventh/thirteenth and early eighth/fourteenth centuries, and probably the master of Maḥmūd Shabistarī (d. c.740/1340), the author of the famous Persian poem entitled Gulshan-i rāz (“The garden of mystery”). Ḥājj/Ḥājjī Bula was probably the nickname of Ḥājj/Ḥājjī Abū l-Qāsim (Ṣādiqī, 279). He is said to have been initiated into the Ṣūfī path by Shaykh Zāhid-i Gīlānī (613–700/1216–1301) in Gīlān…

b. Moḥammad Ṭūsī (1058-1111), one of the greatest systematic Persian thinkers of medieval Islam and a prolific Sunni author on the religious sciences (Islamic law, philosophy, theology, and mysticism) in Saljuq times. Overview of entry: i. Biography, ii. The Eḥyāʾ ʿolum al-dīn, iii. The Kīmīā-ye saʿādat, iv. Minor Persian works, v. As a Faqīh, vi. Ḡazālī and Theology, vii. Ḡazālī and the Bāṭenīs, viii. Impact on Islamic Thought.A version of this article is available in printVolume X, Fascicle 4, pp. 358-377blod:ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, b. Moḥammad Ṭūsī (450-505/1058-1111), …