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Ibāḥatiya

(479 words)

Author(s): Qureshi, I.H.
, Hindu sect. The Ibāḥatiya were, by some writers on Indo-Muslim history, confused with the Ibāḥiyya or Aṣḥāb al-Ibāḥa . As the Ismāʿīlīs are included among the latter, these writers have thought that the term Ibāḥatiya applies to them. A closer examination of the evidence, however, leads to the conclusion that the references are to a Hindu Tāntric sect, which was also known as Vāma-mārgī or Vāma-čārī (“followers of the left hand path”) and formed a sub-section of the S̲h̲āktas. The Tāntras form the scriptures of the Vāma-mārgīs. The essential requisites of Tāntric worship are the five māka…

Ibāḥatiya

(491 words)

Author(s): Qureshi, I. H.
, secte hindoue. Les Ibāḥatiya ont été confondus par certains auteurs d’ouvrages d’histoire indo-musulmane avec les Ibāḥiyya ou Aṣḥāb al-Ibāḥa; en effet, comme les Ismāʿīliens font partie de ces derniers, ces auteurs ont pensé que l’appellation Ibāḥatiya s’appliquait à eux. Un examen plus approfondi des sources amène cependant à la conclusion qu’il s’agit plutôt d’une secte tāntrique hindoue qui était également connue sous le nom de Vāma-mārgī ou Vāma-čārī (adeptes du chemin de la main gauche) et formait une subdivision des S̲h̲āktas. Les Tāntras constituent les…

ضريبة

(15,790 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Hopkins, J. F. P. | İnalcık, Halil | Rivlin, Helen | Lambton, Ann K.S. | Et al.
[English edition] 1. المشرق الضريبة هي إحدى الكلمات الأكثر استخداما للدّلالة على الجباية عموماً، وتنطبق على وجه الخصوص على فئة الضرائب بأكملها التي تضاف إلى الضرائب الأساسيّة الشرعيّة. وقد تمّت دراسة هذه الأخيرة (الزكاة والعشر والجزية والخراج...) وما أثمرته خلال الفترة «الكلاسيكيّة» في مادّة سابقة بعنوان «بيت المال». سيقع تقديم وصف مفصّل لأساليب تقدير القيمة والجباية، كلّ تحت عنوانه الخاصّ به، وبصفة خاصّة ما تعلّق بالخراج. وسيتمّ في خطّ مواز إدراج الضرائب والدفعات المرتبطة بها أو المفروضة على أصناف …

Ḍarība

(18,908 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Hopkins, J.F.P. | İnalcık, Halil | Rivlin, Helen | Lambton, Ann K.S. | Et al.
, one of the words most generally used to denote a tax, applied in particular to the whole category of taxes which in practice were added to the basic taxes of canonical theory. These latter ( zakāt or ʿus̲h̲r , d̲j̲izya and k̲h̲arād̲j̲ , etc.) and their yield in the “classical” period, have been covered in a general survey in an earlier article, Bayt al-māl , and a detailed description of the methodes of assessment and collection will be given under their respective titles, in particular under k̲h̲arād̲j̲; along with k̲h̲arād̲j̲ and zakāt will be included associated taxes and payments…

Ḍarība

(19,470 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | J. F. P., Hopkins | İnalcik, H. | Rivlin, H. | Lambton, A.K.S | Et al.
, un des termes les plus courants pour désigner l’impôt, et qui s’applique plus spécialement à toute la catégorie des taxes ajoutées en pratique aux impôts fondamentaux de la théorie canonique. De ces derniers ( zakāt ou ʿ us̲h̲r, d̲j̲izya et k̲h̲arād̲j̲, etc.) et de leur rendement pendant la période «classique», un tableau sommaire a été donné ci-dessus à l’article Bayt al-māl, et l’étude précise de leurs modalités d’assiette et de perception sera faite sous leurs noms respectifs, en particulier sous Ḵh̲arād̲j̲; à l’occasion du k̲h̲arād̲j̲ et de la ¶ zakāt seront indiquées les taxes…