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[English version] (Μερκούριος). Breit bezeugte, aber legendarische Gestalt eines Soldatenheiligen, der in Anlehnung an Soz. 6,2,3ff. Kaiser Iulianus [11] auf göttl. Geheiß hin mit einem Speerwurf getötet haben soll. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography H.Ch. Brennecke, Stud. zur Gesch. der Homöer, 1988, 96f.

[English version] (Παυλικιανοί; armen. Pawlikeank'). Häretische christl. Gruppe armen. Ursprungs im byz. Reich, deren Lehre nur aus Sekundärquellen orthodoxer Polemik erh. ist. Bes. wichtig sind die Angaben des armenischen katholikós Iohannes von Odzun (8. Jh. n.Chr.) und des Petros Sikeliotes (9. Jh.n.Chr.). Demnach wurden die P. als Filiation der Manichäer (Mani) bezeichnet, deren dualistische Lehre nur einen individualistischen Zugang zum Glauben postulierte, das AT (Bibel) sowie Sakramente ( sacramentum ) und Ekklesiologie ablehnte. Entst…

[English version] (Ἴβηροι, Ἴβηρες). I. sowie Iberia (Ἰβηρία) als Bezeichnungen der Bewohner und des Landes Ostgeorgiens kommen nur in griech.-röm. und byz. Quellen vor; etym. möglicherweise mit virk (armen.) bzw. Sáspeires (Σάσπειρες, Hdt. 4,37; 40) verwandt [1. 146]. Iberia grenzte im Norden an Sarmatia, im Westen an Kolchis, im Süden an Groß-Armenien (Armenia) und im Osten an Albania [1] (Ptol. 5,10,1f.). Armenien; Georgien, Georgier; Georgisch Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography 1 O. Lordkipanidse, Arch. in Georgien (Quellen und Forsch. zur prähistor. pro…

[English version] In den älteren Hss. und in seiner von seinem Schüler Koriwn verf. Vita wird er Maštoc genannt. Geburtsjahr (um 360/364 n.Chr.) und Abstammung aus dem einflußreichen Geschlecht der Mamikonier sind unsicher. Geb. in Katzikk in der armen. Prov. Tarawn, erhielt M. eine hell. Ausbildung. Nach dem Militärdienst unter dem armen. König - entweder unter Chosrov III. (Chosroes [4]) oder seinem Verweser Arawan - in Vagharschapat wurde er zw. 385 und 389 Sekretär am armen. Königshof. Zw. 3…

[English version] (* um 834 n.Chr. in Seleukeia, † 917). Nach einer Zeit als Mönch auf dem bithynischen Olympos wechselte er zum Theodoros-Kloster vor Konstantinopel. Als Beichtvater Kaiser Leons VI. wurde er Abt des Psamathias-Klosters, das der Kaiser eigens für ihn errichten ließ. Nach Absetzung des Patriarchen von Konstantinopel, Nikolaos. I. Mystikos, nahm er dessen Position ein und willigte in Übereinstimmung mit den übrigen Patriarchen gegen das byz. Kirchenrecht in die vierte Ehe des Kaiser…

[English version] (Ełišē) verfaßte in armen. Sprache eine Gesch. der Vardeank und der armen. Kriege, welche den Aufstand des armen. Volkes 450/1 n.Chr. unter der Führung des Mamikoniterfürsten Vardan gegen die sāsānidischen Besatzer beschreibt. E. war kein Augenzeuge der histor. Ereignisse, die er beschreibt, sondern muß im 6. Jh. gelebt haben. Sein Ziel war es, die Gründung der armen. Kirche martyrologisch zu verankern. Armenia; Armenier, armenische Literatur; Sāsāniden Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography E. Ter-Minassjan, Vasn Vardanay ew Hayoc paterazmic, …

[English version] In der 1. H. des 5. Jh. Bischof von Tyana. Als überzeugter Anhänger des Nestorios widersetzte er sich den Anathematismen des Kyrillos von Alexandreia. Im J. 431 wurde er auf der Synode von Ephesos exkommuniziert. Er schloß sich Iohannes von Antiocheia an und bezog Stellung gegen die sich anbahnende Einigung zw. ihm und Kyrillos. Als diese 433 zustande kam, trennte er sich von Iohannes. Daraufhin verlor er sein Amt und wurde zum Exil nach Skythopolis verurteilt. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography M. Tetz, Eine Antilogie des E. von Tyana, (Patristische Te…

[German version] (Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων; Epitomè chrónōn). The chronicon paschale (also chronicon Alexandrinum, chronicon Constantinopolitanum, Fasti Siculi, according to where the particular codex was discovered) was written by a cleric between 631 and 641 at the instigation of the patriarch  Sergius. In its introduction, the ‘Easter Chronicle contains explanations of the Easter cycle. The chronology originally went from Adam to the year 629, but the record breaks off after 628. The chronicler is an eyewitness to ev…

[German version] The A. refer to themselves as hayk', while the term A. is used by the Persians (Behistun inscription) and the Greeks (Herodotus and Xenophon). In the 6th cent. BC, the A. immigrated and intermixed with the autochthonous Urartians. After enduring Median, Persian, Macedonian and Seleucid domination, the A. King Artashes won the fight for independence in AD 189. Following the Christianization of the country, Armenian literature (AL) emerged in the early 5th cent., with Maštoc's ( Mesrop in…

Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) [German version] [1] Persian martyr, died in 599 (Σιρή; Sirḗ). Persian martyr, died 559 AD. S. was the daughter of a respected Persian magus, who after her conversion to Christianity was publicly executed by hanging under the Persian king Chosroes [5] I. Bibliography P. Devos, Saint Šīrīn Martyr Khosrau Ier Avrošarvan, in: Analecta Bollandiana 64, 1946, 87-131. [German version] [2] see Schirin See Shirin.

[German version] (Παφνούτιος; Paphnoútios), died around AD 360. According to Socrates [9] (Hist. eccl. 1,11), P. attended the first Council of Nicaea [5] (AD 325) as bishop of Upper Thebias. During the persecution of Christians, perhaps under Maximinus [1] Daia, he lost an eye. He was held in high regard by emperor Constantinus [1] and considered an ecclesiastical authority because of his strict monastic lifestyle. It is uncertain whether remarks attributed to him by Socrates ( loc. cit.) regarding the celibacy of priests (retention of clerical marriages entered into pri…

[German version] A collection of apocryphal acts of the Apostles in Latin ( Historia Certaminis Apostolici or Historiae Apostolicae) frequently used in the MA, is attributed to A., supposedly the first bishop of  Babylon and a contemporary of  Origenes. It consists of 10 books purportedly compiled in Hebrew by A. and then translated by  Eutropius into Greek and by Julius, who was known to write in Greek, into Latin. However, the collection presupposes  Rufinus' History and must have been created in the 6th-7th cents.  Apocrypha Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography W. Smith and H. …

[German version] (Ἀποφθέγματα πατρῶν; Apophthégmata patrôn). Anonymous collection of ‘Patristic sayings’ belonging to the most copied works of early monasticism. It contains short anecdotes of early monastic life and the   anachoresis in the Egyptian desert. They are teachings, prophetic predictions and miraculous acts that describe the daily routine of the monks. Particularly characteristic of the apophthegmata patrum are those sayings that are formulaically introduced by the plea of a believer who petitioned the anchorite in search of advice: ‘Tell …

[German version] (τὸ διὰ τεσσάρων [εὐαγγέλιον]; tò dià tessárōn [euangélion]). The Diatessaron is the earliest extant harmonization of the gospels, dating back to Tatian, who in the latter third of the 2nd cent. combined the four canonical gospels into one homogenous presentation by embedding the synoptic tradition within the chronological framework of the gospel of John. He also used some apocryphal material and furthermore showed his encratitic, anti-Jewish, and docetic ( Docetics) leanings. Whether the Diatessaron was originally written in Greek or Syriac, in Rom…

[German version] The C. (Turkish, roughly ‘vagabonds’) belong to the group of Turkish-Altaic peoples and are attested from the 3rd/4th cents. AD. Originally nomadic, in the 7th cent. they founded an autonomous empire reaching from the Black Sea to the Don. Their king (Qağan) was political and religious leader. Although they did not develop their own written language they left behind loan words in Arabic, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, Hebrew and Persian i.a. Their campaigns of conquest reached as far …

[German version] (Σωφρόνιος/ Sōphrónios). Patriarch of Jerusalem (634-638), Greek-Byzantine saint, poet and author. S. was probably from Damascus and taught rhetoric. He became a monk in Palestine and with his friend Iohannes [29] Moschus travelled to the monastic settlements there. As a staunch opponent of Monotheletism in 633 he tried but failed to persuade Cyrus of Phasis, patriarch of Alexandria [1], to abandon it. S. was able to agree a compromise with the patriarch of Constantinople (Sergios …

[German version] A. ( 340/345 in  Cappadocia, † after 394) was a student of  Libanius and rhetorician in Constantinople. In 370 he returned to Cappadocia and at the instigation of  Basilius the Great became bishop of  Iconium in the newly created province of  Lycaonia in 373. He created an ecclesiastical administration in his episcopacy and defended it against the  Messalians and other heretics. Through his cousin  Gregorius of Nazianze, who converted him, a close friendship developed with the Cappadocians and later with circles in the capital.  Gregorius of Nyssa Savvidis, Kyriak…

(Ῥωμανός; Rhōmanós). [German version] [1] R. Melodod, the Melodist Byzantine hymnographer, 5th/6th cent. AD (Ῥωμανὸς Μελωδός; Rhōmanòs Melōdós). Byzantine hymnographer of Syrian origin, b. before AD 493 at Emesa (present-day Ḥims in Syria), d. between AD 551 and 565 at Constantinople. Initially deacon at Berytus (Beirut), he took up his post at the Church of the Virgin at Constantinople under the emperor Anastasius [1] I. According to legend, he is said to have decided to become a composer of hymns after receivi…

(Βοιωτία, Βοιωτοί; Boiōtía, Boiōtoi). [German version] A. Topography Region and people in south-eastern Central Greece; with c. 2,500 km2 almost as large as  Attica. Bounded in the south-west by the Corinthian Gulf and in the north-east and east by the Euboean Gulf, B. is the only land bridge between northern and southern Greece and was thus a battleground over and over again ( Chaeronea,  Coronea,  Plataeae). In the south the  Parnes and the  Cithaeron formed a natural border with Attica and Megaris, while in t…

(Εὐθήριος; Euthḗrios). [German version] [1] Slave at the court of Constantine I An Armenian pagan eunuch, who had come to the court of Constantine I as a slave, later served under Constans, and under Julian rose to praepositus sacri cubiculi (AD 356-360). In Milan in 356/7, E. appeared before Constantius II to defend Julian against Marcellus' accusations (Amm. Marc. 16,7,2f.); after Julian had been made Augustus in 360, he became his envoy with Constantius (Amm. Marc. 20,8,19; 9,1-4; Zos. 3,9,3f.); In 361, Julian recalled him once ag…