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[German Version] I. In the West The novitiate is a period of instruction and testing in monastic life before taking (temporary) vows (Profession); during this time the novice is supervised by a novice master. The novitiate, whose roots go back to early monasticism, was integrated explicitly into the 6th-century Benedictine Rule (chs. 58f.; Benedict, Rule of Saint), which dominated Western monasticism. The Decretum Gratiani (Gratian) provided for a monastic probationary period of up to three years (C. 17, q. 2, c. 3). The Council of Trent stipulated a durati…

[German Version] The modern name Iznik comes from the Greek εἰς Νίκεαν/ eis Níkean, “to Nicea.” In the 4th century bce, it was a settlement of Bottians within the Persian Empire (Iran: II). The original name, Helikorḗ (“abounding in tendrils”), indicates that the early settlement was a center of viticulture. After Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian Empire, the Macedonian general Lysimachus was installed as administrator; he renamed the city after his wife, Nicea. Under Bithynian rule from 281 to 75 bce, the city became part of the Roman province of Bithynia in 64 bce. The Lex Pom…

[English Version] I. Westlich N. i…

[English Version] (Nizäa/Nikaia). Der heutige Name Iznik ist aus der griech. Ortsangabe ει᾿ς Νι´κεαn̆/eis Ni´kean, »nach N.« abzuleiten; im 4.Jh. v.Chr. zunächst eine Siedlung der Bottiäer im Pers. Reich (Iran: II.). Der urspr. Name Helikorē´ (»die Rankenreiche«) weist N. als frühes Weinbaugebiet aus. Nach der Eroberung des Perserreiches durch Alexander den Großen wurde der mazedonische General Lysi…