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1. BegriffDie antike Periodeneinteilung der Weltalter nach Metallen wird zuerst bei Hesiod (um 700 v. Chr.) fassbar. Im G. Z. sollen die Menschen im Idealzustand ohne Krankheit, Kampf und Arbeit gelebt haben; danach kam es im Silbernen, Bronzenen und Eisernen Zeitalter zu einer ständigen Verschlechterung der sozialen und moralischen Verhältnisse. Vergil feierte im 1. Jh. v. Chr. in der 4. Ekloge seiner Hirtengedichte ( Bucolica) die Zeit des Kaisers Augustus als Wiederbeginn eines G. Z. Auf sein Vorbild bezogen sich die meisten späteren Versuche, die eigene Epoche als entspr…

1. Definition The ancient assignment of the ages of the world to corresponding metals is first attested in Hesiod (around 700 BCE). On this model, the golden age was a period when life was idyllic, with no disease, war, or hard labor, and the ensuing silver, bronze, and iron ages represented a steady deterioration of social and moral conditions. In the first century BCE, Virgil celebrated the time of Augustus as the beginning of a new golden age in his fourth Eclogue ( Bucolica).  Most later characterizations of the respective epoch as likewise ideal followed his model.Thus, the ex…

[German Version] (Doménikos Theotokópoulos; c. 1541, Candía, Crete, Greece - Apr 7, 1614, Toledo, Spain) was a nomadic artist avant la lettre, who connected with ¶ various cultures on his journeys through the lands of the Mediterranean - from Venetian Crete via Venice and Rome to Spain. In doing so, El Greco came to understand himself as in unison with the papal church of his time. The numerous conflicts in the life of the artist had less to do with his religious positions than with the difficulties that a “painter-philo…

[German Version] (Jun 25, 1852, Reus, Spain – Jun 10, 1926, Barcelona). Alongside Lluís Domènech i Montaner and Josep Puig i Cadafalch, Antoni Gaudí is considered the outstanding architect of Catalan modernism, which – like Art Nouveau – laid the preliminary groundwork for modern architecture. His significance it twofold: first, his triumph over historical architecture, above all his critical approach to Gothic architecture (Gothic Period) and the theories of Viollet-le-Duc, which led him to extra…