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Muḥammad ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a

(10,069 words)

Author(s): Toledano, E.R.
(late 1760s-1849), Ottoman governor-general and effective ruler of Egypt. He was known in his time and to his Ottoman milieu as Meḥmed ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a. In European sources, he was often referred to as the viceroy of Egypt or simply as the Pas̲h̲a. Assuming the title K̲h̲edive, which officially was only granted to his grandson Ismāʿīl in 1867, Muḥammad ʿAlī was Ottoman governor-general of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, when, owing to mental incapacity, the position was formally conferred on his son Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. His heirs ruled Egypt, with varying degrees of effective power, until 1952. …

Muḥammad ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a

(9,277 words)

Author(s): Toledano, E.R.
(1769?-1849), Meḥmed en turc, Méhémet Alī en français, «viceroi» d’Égypte. Prenant le titre de khédive qui ne fut officiellement décerné qu’à son petit-fils Ismāʿīl [ q.v.] en 1867, il occupa les fonctions de gouverneur général d’Égypte, pour le compte des Ottomans, de 1805 à 1848; à cette dernière date, du fait de son incapacité mentale, son poste fut officiellement attribué à son fils Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], et ses descendants gouvernèrent l’Égypte, avec un pouvoir effectif variable, jusqu’en 1952. La carrière de ce personnage des plus importants et des plus discutés pe…