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K̲h̲āṣṣa

(439 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, plur. k̲h̲awāṣṣ , also k̲h̲āṣṣiyya , plur. k̲h̲āṣṣiyyāt , “sympathetic quality” is a recurring theme in magic and occult sciences indicating the unaccountable, esoteric forces in animate and inanimate Nature. The conception that everywhere in Nature such forces are active or can be activated, developed during the Hellenistic period. It was believed that all objects were in relation to one another through sympathy and antipathy—as is evident in the mysterious forces of the magnet—a…

Ḳuṭrub

(528 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, the werewolf. The Arabic word goes back to Syriac ḳanṭrōpos (or ḳanṭrōpa ), which was subsequently transformed into the Arabic ḳuṭrub in the same way as other names of animals, like d̲j̲undub “locust” or ḳunfud̲h̲ “hedgehog”. Kanṭrōpos itself is the Syriac transcription of Greek λυκάνθρωπος. The saga of the werewolf is by itself indigenous to Arcadia in the central Peloponnesus (see Pausanias, viii, 2), but has many parallels amongst the Romans, Celts, Teutons and Slavs. Originally it was unknown to the Orient, and the Arabs came to know …

al-Iksīr

(917 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, the elixir (from Greek τό ξήριον, pl. akāsīr , also iksīrāt , e.g., Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲ , viii, 175, 6; Yaʿḳūbī, i, 106 ult.), originally the term for externally applied dry-powder or sprinkling-powder used in medicine. Thus, for example, Yūḥannā b. Māsawayh, in his Kitāb Dag̲h̲al al-ʿayn , lists under the ophthalmic remedies six different elixirs ( akāsīr; see Isl ., vi (1916), 252 f.). By the Arabic word iksīrīn , which is derived from the Syriac ksīrīn , an eye-powder is meant in al-Rāzī ( Kitāb al-Ḥāwī , Ḥaydarābād 1374/1955, ii, 21) and in ʿAlī b. al-ʿAbbās al-Mad̲j̲ūsī ( al-Kitāb al-Mala…

Rad̲j̲az

(3,918 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M. | Heinrichs, W.P.
(a.) indicates an Arab metre. The proper meaning of the word is “tremor, spasm, convulsion (as may occur in the behind of a camel when ¶ it wants to rise)”. It is not clear how this word became a technical term in prosody. The other etymological meaning of rad̲j̲az “thunder, rumble, making a noise”, may perhaps be taken into consideration. In that case, there might be an allusion to the iambic, monotonous and pounding rhythm of these poems (cf. ka-mā samiʿta rad̲j̲aza l-ṣawāʿiḳī , Abū Nuwās, ed. E. Wagner, ii, 299; for the etymology, see also T. Fahd, La divination arabe, Leiden 1966, 153-8). …

al-Ḳily

(599 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, also al-Ḳilā , according to Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Liḥyānī also al-ḳilw (see al-Dīnawarī, The book of plants, ed. B. Le win, Wiesbaden 1974, 170, § 643); the word is derived from aramaic ḳelyā ), potash, potassium carbonate [K2CO3], but also soda, sodium carbonate [Na2CO3] (both materials were not clearly distinguished, therefore the Arabic term is kept in what follows.) Al-Ḳily thus indicates the salt which is won from the ashes of alkaline plants, but is also confusingly used for the ashes themselves and the lye. As synonyms are given s̲h̲abb al-ʿuṣfur and s̲h̲abb al-asākifa (Ibn Maymūn, S̲h̲…

K̲h̲ālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya

(724 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, abū hās̲h̲im , was one of the sons of the caliph Yazīd I ¶ and Fāk̲h̲ita bint Abī Hās̲h̲im b. ʿUtba b. Rabīʿa. The year of his birth is not recorded, but he was probably born ca. 48/668. When his brother Muʿāwiya II died in 64/683 without having designated his successor, a struggle broke out. Ḥassān b. Mālik b. Baḥdal [ q.v.] favoured K̲h̲ālid, who was however not elected because he was too young. In his place the elderly Marwān b. al-Ḥakam [ q.v.] was chosen, on the condition that he would be succeeded first by K̲h̲ālid b. Yazīd and then by ʿAmr b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀs al-As̲h̲daḳ [ q.v.]. Marwān furtherm…

al-Kīmiyāʾ

(5,822 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, alchemy. The word is derived from Syriac kīmīyā which in its turn goes back to Greek χυμεία χημεία “the art of casting or alloying metals” (see Liddell-Scott, Greek-English lexicon, 2013). The Arabs believed that al-kīmiyāʾ was a loanword from Persian (Ibn Durayd, al-D̲j̲awāliḳī), from Hebrew (al-Akfānī) or from Greek and had the meaning of “artifice and acuteness” ( al-ḥīla wa ’l-ḥid̲h̲k , according to al-K̲h̲afād̲j̲ī) or “solution and division” ( al-taḥlīl wa ’l-tafrīḳ , according to Ibn Sallūm, 11th/17th century). As synonyms of al-kīmiyāʾ were used al-ṣanʿa (for ποίησις), al-ṣa…

al-Kibrīt

(1,554 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, sulphur. The Arabic term is derived from Akkadian kuprītu through Aramaic ku/ eb̲h̲rīt̲h̲ā . The Arabs knew both sedimentary and volcanic brimstone. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Tamīmī, K. al-Murs̲h̲id , Ms. Paris 2870, f. 20a, mentions a place where “white” brimstone was to be found on the ¶ shore of the Dead Sea and in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem (see also Muḳaddasī, 184), in fact the deposits of brimstone to be found in clay, mixed with gypsum and calcium carbide, on the right bank of the river Jordan at a mile from the Dead Sea (see C. Hintze, Handbuch der Mineralogie , i…

Rūfus al-Afsīsī

(1,184 words)

Author(s): Ullmann, M.
, Rufus of Ephesus, a Greek physician who lived at Ephesus [see aya solūk ] around 100 A.D. Of his biography hardly anything is known. He was an important medical author, who wrote monographs on many questions concerning pathology and dietetics. Most of his writings, however, were lost during the Middle Ages since his work was overshadowed by that of Galen [see d̲j̲ālīnūs ] (cf. O. Temkin, Galenism . Rise and decline of a medical philosophy, Ithaca and London 1973). Consequently, only four of his works have survived in Greek: 1. On kidney and bladder diseases (ed. A. Sideras, CMG III, 1, Berl…