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Julius Africanus

(694 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[Sextus] 3rd century. Palestine, Italy. Julius Africanus, the "father of Christian chronography" (Gelzer), is the author of the first Christian world chronicle, originally written in Greek. The tradition according to which he bore the praenomen Sextus is late and unreliable ( Suda A4647). Little is known about his biography. He originated from Palestine (probably Aelia Capitolina, i.e. Jerusalem, cest. 5,51), spent some time at the court of king Abgar VIII of Osrhoene in Edessa, and later lived in Rome ( cest. 5,53f.). Various journeys in the Eastern part of the Roman Empir…
Date: 2021-04-15

Philostorgius

(258 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[German Version] (c. 368 – after 425), church historian in Constantinople. A native of Borissus, in Cappadocia, Philostorgius grew up in a staunchly Anomoean family (Neo-Arianism; Hist. eccl. IX 9). In his youth, he met Eunomius, the intellectual leader of the Anomoeans, ¶ and became a totally committed supporter (X 6). This perspective also informs his church history, probably written between 425 and 433 in Constantinople. It begins with the time of Constantine, thus being a continuation of the church history of Eusebius of Caesarea, al…

Rome, The Idea of

(904 words)

Author(s): Cancik, Hubert | Wallraff, Martin | Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard
[German Version] I. Greco-Roman Antiquity 1. The picture (imaginaire, myth, idea) that the Romans developed of themselves, their city, and their rule (Imperium Romanum) has an exemplary early period, with its founders – “pious father Aeneas” (Virgil, Aen.), Romulus, and Numa, founder of the city and founder of religion (Livy, Book I); its type – “the good old Roman” in a toga, beardless (Cicero, Cato maior), and its distinctions from its rivals in Greece (Athens). Might and right are contrasted with learning, art, and philosophy: excudent alii... / tu regere imperio populos, Romane; “o…

Rome

(11,156 words)

Author(s): Koch, Guntram | Cancik, Hubert | Veltri, Giuseppe | Wallraff, Martin | Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard | Et al.
[German Version] I. History and Archaeology 1. History and archaeology. On a favorable site, on the road from Etruria to Latium and Campania, at a ford over the Tiber about 30 km from its mouth, and also on the road from the coast going in the direction of the Apennines, and in fertile lands by the river, there were small settlements from at least the 14th century bce (esp. on the Capitol). According to legend, Rome was then founded in 753 bce by Romulus, who became its first king. Other legends make Aeneas, son of Anchises ¶ and Aphrodite, the most important Trojan hero after Hector, into …

Magic

(9,806 words)

Author(s): Wiggermann, Franciscus A.M. | Wiggermann, F.A.M. | Betz, Hans Dieter | Baudy, Dorothea | Joosten, Jan | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Antiquity – III. Bible – IV. Church History – V. Practical Theology – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. Judaism – VIII. Islam I. Religious Studies No definition of magic has as yet found general acceptance. Approaches that go back to the late 19th century (E.B. Tylor, J.G. Frazer) view magic as a primitive cognitive system, the lowest rung on an evolutionary ladder (Evolution) that progresses with religion and science (cf. also Myth/Mythology: I). Magic in this view is charact…

Malalas, John

(90 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[German Version] (surname from Syr. malel, “speak”; Antioch, 6th cent.), rhetor. His universal chronicle (Chronicles: I), with clearly monophysite tendencies (at least in its first portion), presents in 18 books the history of the world from Adam to the death of Justinian I in 565 (possibly continued to 574). Written for popular instruction and entertainment, both its language and content significantly influenced later Byzantine literature. Martin Wallraff Bibliography CPG 3, 7511 J. Thurn, ed., Ioannis Malalae Chronographia, 2000 E. Jeffreys et al., eds., Studies in John Mala…

Philip of Side

(299 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[German Version] (c. 380 – after 431), compatriot and relative of the rhetor Troilos from the Pamphylian seaport of Side. Under John Chrysostom, Philip was a deacon in Constantinople, and later probably also presbyter and synkellos (i.e. senior priest close to the patriarch); certainly, a decided supporter of the controversial bishop (probable addressee of Chrysostom’s epistola 213). Later he applied several times, unsuccessfully, to succeed Chrysostom (when Sisinnius was elected in 426, Nestorius in 428, and Maximianus in 431; main source, Socr. Hist. eccl. VII 26f.). His lit…

Novatian/Novatians

(383 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[German Version] I. Novatian (died c. 258). In the 3rd century, Novatian was second only to Hippolytus as an intellectual and theological leader of the Roman church. This was clear after Bishop Fabian was martyred in the Decian persecution (Decius; Persecutions of Christians: I). During the interim before election of a successor, agreement had to be reached with Carthage about receiving apostates back into the church; Novatian conducted the correspondence (preserved in the letters of Cyprian of Carthage: Ep. 30, 36, and partially 31). His hopes to succeed the martyred bis…

Baptism

(22,186 words)

Author(s): Alles, Gregory D. | Avemarie, Friedrich | Wallraff, Martin | Grethlein, Christian | Koch, Günter | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. New Testament – III. Church History – IV. Dogmatics – V. Practical Theology – VI. History of Liturgy – VII. Law – VIII. Missions – IX. Art I. History of Religion From the standpoint of the history of religion, baptism is not a general type of rite (Rite and ritual) but a lustration ritual that is carried out not only in Christianity but also in historically related religions such as …

Sun

(2,816 words)

Author(s): Mohn, Jürgen | Hartenstein, Friedhelm | Cancik, Hubert | Schroer, Silvia | Wallraff, Martin | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies The sun is omnipresent; in the phenomenal world, it marks and accentuates the course of our chronological and spatial lifeworld. The range of associated structures, interpretations, and ambivalences (light and dark, life-giving and life-consuming) makes it only natural that the sun should acquire religious symbolisms and orientations in many ways and in many areas: (1) orientation in time (annual calendrical cycle, identification of sacral seasons and hours of th…

Church History

(1,678 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin (Bonn)
[German version] A. Historical thinking in the Church The Christian  Church has always been conscious of history, even its own history, and even asserting a proprietary role, already reflected in the NT  canon (as in Luke's double work,  Acts of the Apostles, cf. [8]). History became a subject of theological reflection in the proofs of the apologists ( Apologia; cf. [6]). They faced the task of placing a new religion at the centre of debate in the context of religious culture where tradition was the nor…

Sol

(1,794 words)

Author(s): Gordon, Richard L. (Ilmmünster) | Wallraff, Martin (Bonn)
(the Roman sun god, Greek Ἥλιος/ Hḗlios). I. Graeco-Roman [German version] A. General summary Although S. is one of the few undisputed Indo-European deities of the pantheon (cf. Gallic sulis, Gothic sauil, Old High German sôl, Greek *σαέλιος/* sawélios = ἥλιος/ hḗlios; [1]), the public cult of the sun played only a subordinate role in Rome and the Greek world, until the time that political developments led to an affinity between S. and the concept of monarchy (ruler cult). Gordon, Richard L. (Ilmmünster) [German version] B. Roman Republic According to Varro, the cult of the 'Sun'…

Kirchengeschichte

(1,547 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin (Bonn)
[English version] A. Kirchliches Geschichtsdenken Ein histor. Bewußtsein - auch im Blick auf ihre eigene Gesch. - ist der christl. Kirche seit dem 1. Jh. zu eigen und spiegelt sich schon im nt. Kanon (v.a. im lukanischen Doppelwerk, Apostelgeschichte, vgl. [8]) wider. Zum Gegenstand theologischer Reflexion wurde die Gesch. im Altersbeweis der Apologeten (Apologien; vgl. [6]). Sie standen vor der Aufgabe, eine neue Rel. im Kontext einer religiösen Kultur diskussionsfähig zu machen, die das Althergebra…

Sol

(1,630 words)

Author(s): Gordon, Richard L. | Wallraff, Martin
(der röm. Sonnengott, griech. Helios/Ἥλιος). I. Griechisch-römisch [English version] A. Allgemeines Obwohl S. eine der wenigen unbestrittenen indeur. Gottheiten des Pantheons ist (vgl. gall. sulis, got. sauil, ahd. sôl, griech. *σαέλιος = ἥλιος/ hḗlios; [1]), spielte in Rom und der griech. Welt der öffentliche Kult der Sonne nur eine Nebenrolle, bis polit. Entwicklungen zu einer Affinität zw. S. und der Idee der Monarchie führten (Herrscherkult). Gordon, Richard L. [English version] B. Römische Republik Laut Varro wurde der So.-Kult in Rom vom Sabiner T. Tatius eing…

Novatian/Novatianer.

(353 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[English Version] I.Novatian (N.; gest. ca.258). N. war im 3.Jh. nach Hippolyt der geistig und theol. führende Kopf der röm. Gemeinde. Das wurde nach dem Märtyrertod des Bf. Fabianus in der decischen Verfolgung (Decius, Christenverfolgungen: I.) deutlich. Während der Sedisvakanz mußte man die Frage der Wiederaufnahme abgefallener Gemeindeglieder regeln und mit Karthago abstimmen; diese Korrespondenz führte N. (im Briefcorpus des Cyprian, ep. 30, 36, nur partiell 31). Seine Hoffnung auf die Nachfo…

Philippus

(278 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[English Version] von Side (ca.380 – nach 431), Landsmann und Verwandter des Rhetors Troilos aus der pamphylischen Hafenstadt Side. Unter Johannes Chrysostomus war er Diakon in Konstantinopel, später wohl auch Presbyter und Synkellos (d.h. hoher Geistlicher in der Umgebung des Patriarchen), jedenfalls ein entschiedener Parteigänger des umstrittenen Bischofs (vermutlich identisch mit dem Adressaten der ep. 213 des Johannes). Später kandidierte er mehrmals vergeblich um dessen Nachfolge (bei der Wahl…

Philostorgius

(266 words)

Author(s): Wallraff, Martin
[English Version] (ca.368 – nach 425), Kirchenhistoriker in Konstantinopel. Aus Borissus in Kappadozien stammend, war er in einer Familie aufgewachsen, die der anhomöischen Richtung des Christentums (Anhomöer) anhing (h.e. IX 9). Durch eine Begegnung im jugendlichen Alter mit Eunomius, dem geistigen Führer dieser Gruppe, wurde Ph. vollends zu dessen engagiertem Parteigänger (X 6). Von dieser Perspektive ist auch seine Kirchengesch. geprägt, die vermutlich zw. 425 und 433 in Konstantinopel entstand…

Sonne

(2,413 words)

Author(s): Mohn, Jürgen | Hartenstein, Friedhelm | Cancik, Hubert | Schroer, Silvia | Wallraff, Martin | Et al.
[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich Die S. markiert und akzentuiert aufgrund ihrer Omnipräsenz in der Wahrnehmungswelt die zeitlichen und räumlichen Verlaufsformen der natürlichen und kulturellen Lebenswelt des Menschen. Die hiermit einhergehenden möglichen Ordnungsstrukturen, Deutungspotentiale, aber auch Ambivalenzen (hell und dunkel, Leben spendend und zerstörend) prädestinieren die S. auf mannigfaltige Weise, rel. Symbolisierungs- und Orientierungsleistungen in den verschiedensten Be…

Romidee

(816 words)

Author(s): Cancik, Hubert | Wallraff, Martin | Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard
[English Version] I. Griechisch-römische Antike 1. Das Bild (imaginaire, Mythos, Idee), das die Römer von sich, von ihrer Stadt und Herrschaft (Imperium Romanum, »Reich«) entworfen haben, enthält eine exemplarische Frühzeit – die Gründer: »der fromme Vater Aeneas« (Vergil, Aen.); Romulus und Numa, Stadtgründer und Religionsstifter (Livius, Buch 1) –, einen Typus – »der gute alte Römer« in Toga, ohne Bart (Cicero, Cato maior) – und die rivalisierende Abgrenzung gegen Griechenland (Athen). Macht und R…

Taufe

(19,410 words)

Author(s): Alles, Gregory D. | Avemarie, Friedrich | Wallraff, Martin | Grethlein, Christian | Koch, Günter | Et al.
[English Version] I. ReligionsgeschichtlichAus religionswiss. Sicht ist die T. kein allg. Ritustyp (Ritus/Ritual), sondern ein Lustrationsritual, das sowohl im Christentum als auch in den gesch. mit diesem verwandten Rel. wie Judentum und Mandäismus durchgeführt wird. Die T. hat sich aus Lustrationsritualen antiker nahöstlicher Flußzivilisationen entwickelt, wobei die Einzelheiten dieser Entwicklung eher im dunkeln liegen. In der Spätzeit des Zweiten Tempels wurde die T. in mehreren Gemeinschaften…
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