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Finland

(2,352 words)

Author(s): Wegner, Bernd
Finland This small country (1910: 2.94 million inhabitants) located at the northeastern periphery of Europe entered the First World War as an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire, and emerged from it an independent republic and parliamentary democracy. The process was not foreseeable, and by no means straightforward. Apart from the final months of the civil war, the sea change in the country’s status was primarily the result of external events – October Revolution, Peace of Brest-Lito…

Goltz, Rüdiger von der

(386 words)

Author(s): Wegner, Bernd
Goltz, Rüdiger von der (December 8, 1865, Züllichau – November 4, 1946, Kinsegg [today part of Bernbeuren]), German general. The son of a high Prussian official, Goltz joined the army in 1885. At the outbreak of the World War, he had attained the rank of colonel and was commander of the Hamburg Infantry Regiment No. 76. After further appointments as brigade and division commander (37th Infantry Division), he took charge of the 12th Landwehr Division (renamed “Baltic Sea Division” in March 1918) on F…