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Gnosticism
(2,020 words)
Gnosticism is a term derived from ancient Christian heresiography, generalised during the twentieth century by historians of religion to describe various ancient sects resembling one another in their doctrines and subsequently applied, without justification, to certain non-Sunnī Islamic groups, particularly the Ismāʿīlīs and the Shīʿīs known pejoratively by outsiders as
ghulāt (“transgressive” Shīʿīs; see Sean Anthony, Ghulāt,
EI3) and also sometimes to Ṣūfīs, alchemists, and others. Irenaeus, author of the earliest extant major Christian heresiographical work…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Barmakids
(3,853 words)
The
Barmakid family of
wazīrs and administrators, non-Arabs originating from Balkh, in Tukhāristān, provided the first five ʿAbbāsid caliphs with trusted support, companionship, education, and advice and were in charge of many major affairs of state, administrative offices, and military expeditions, until their leading members were removed from power in 187/803 by Hārūn al-Rashīd, for reasons that famously remain mysterious. The Barmakids (Arabic, al-Barāmika) present one of the best-documented case…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
