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[English version] [1] griech. Architekt, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Architekt des 3. Jh. v.Chr.; errichtete nach Strab. 10,5,7 und 13,1,13 aus dem Material eines aufgelassenen Tempels nahe Parion einen 1 Stadion (Längenmaße) langen Prunkaltar, der vermutlich auf Mz. dargestellt (London, BM) und dem hieronischen Monumentalaltar von Syrakusai gut vergleichbar war. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Overbeck, 2086-2087 (Quellen)  G.A. Mansuelli, s.v. H., EAA 4, 1961, 13 (mit Abb. 18). [English version] [2] Epigrammatiker, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Epigrammatiker nicht sicher erwies…

(Μακεδόνιος). [English version] [1] Dichter eines Paians, um 300 v. Chr.? Dichter eines inschr. (1. Jh.v.Chr.) in Delphi überlieferten Paians an Apollon und Asklepios, Abfassung vielleicht schon um 300 v.Chr. [1; 2], in daktylischem Metrum [3]. Wohl nicht identisch mit M. [2] (so noch [4]). Inhalt und Aufbau des Paians erfolgen in engem Anschluß an den Erythräischen Paian und Isyllos; vgl. Ariphron. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) Bibliography 1 W. Peek, Att. Versinschr. (Abh. der Sächs. Akad. der Wiss. Leipzig, Philol.-histor. Klasse 69/2), 1980, 45f. (Text) 2 L. Käppel, Paian, 1992, 200…

(Γάλλος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Bithynia Fluß in Bithynia, h. Mudurnu Çayı, entspringt bei Modrene (h. Mudurnu) in Phrygia Epiktetos (Strab. 12,3,7; [2], anders [1]) und mündet in den Unterlauf des Sangarios. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [English version] [2] Flüßchen durch Pessinus Flüßchen, das durch Pessinus urspr. zum Sangarios floß [3]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s.v. G., RE 7, 674 2 S. Şahin, Stud. über die Probleme der histor. Geogr. Kleinasiens, in: EA 7, 1986, 125-151 3 Belke, 165f. [English version] [3] Epigrammatiker Epigrammdichter, de…

(Ἰγνάτιος). [English version] [1] Bf. von Antiocheia Bischof von Antiocheia, Märtyrer, wird zu den Apostolischen Vätern (Apostelväter) gezählt. Rist, Josef (Würzburg) [English version] A. Biographie Person und Werk können bei I. nicht voneinander getrennt werden, da sich gesicherte biographische Informationen einzig in Verbindung mit dem ihm zugeschriebenen Briefcorpus gewinnen lassen. So bestimmt der Standpunkt in der sog. “ignatianischen Frage”, d.h. in der Diskussion um Einheit und Echtheit der unter seinem Namen übe…

(Γέμινος; Géminos) [I]. [German version] [1] Astronomer and mathematician Astronomer and mathematician from the school of Posidonius. Almost nothing is known about his life. The height of his creativity was around 70 BC. It is generally accepted that he lived in Rhodes. The only fully extant treatise by G. is the ‘Introduction to Astronomy’ (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ φαινόμενα). It is in the tradition of  Eudoxus and  Aratus [4]. Similarly to the later writing by  Cleomedes, it is an elementary textbook on astrono…

[German version] [1] (Archangel) Archangel In the Jewish tradition, the angel G. (‘man of God’) is one of the six archangels, together with Uriel, Rafael, Raguel, Michael, and Sariel (1 Enoch, 20:1-7; for seven archangels cf. Tob 12:12-15; for four archangels: 1 Enoch 9-10; 40:9f.). In the biblical tradition, G. appears already together with Michael in the role of angelus interpres, who interprets the seer's visions (Dan 8:16; 9:21), and who announces the births of John the Baptist and Jesus (Lc 1:19.26). According to 1 Enoch 20:7, G. is placed above the…

(Φάλαικος; Phálaikos). [German version] [1] Phocian army officer Son of Onomarchus. P., while a minor, was deployed in 352 BC by his uncle Phayllus [1] as fourth stratēgòs autokrátōr ('general or executive with special powers of authority') of the Phocians in the 3rd Sacred War. Mnaseas [1] was appointed as his guardian but died as early as 351 (Diod. Sic. 16,38,6f.). After an inconclusive series of battles against Thebes, P. was deposed in 347, apparently because of his opposition to the Phocians' attempts to make peace (…

[I] (Γάλλος; Gállos). [German version] [1] River in Bithynia River in Bithynia, modern Mudurnu Çayı, rises near Modrene (modern Mudurnu) in Phrygia Epictetus (Str. 12,3,7; [2], differently [1]) and flows into the lower course of the  Sangarius. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] [2] Small river through Pessinus Small river that originally flowed through  Pessinus to the  Sangarius [3]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s.v. G., RE 7, 674 2 S. Şahin, Stud. über die Probleme der histor. Geogr. Kleinasiens, in: EA 7, 1986, 125-151 3 Belke, 165f. …

(Συνέσιος; Synésios) [German version] [1] S. of Cyrene Neoplatonist philosopher and bishop, c. AD 400 Neoplatonist philosopher and bishop ( c. AD 370 - c. 413). S., of a leading family at Cyrene (Libya superior), first studied at Alexandria [1] with the Neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia. From 399 to 402 (or 397-400; S.' chronology is disputed) he went to the court at Constantinople at the bidding of his home city to obtain tax relief. He then travelled to Alexandria (where he married a Christian) and subsequently retire…

(Ἑλλάδιος; Helládios). [German version] [1] From Antinupolis/Egypt, grammarian, 4th cent. AD H. of Antinupolis in Egypt. Grammarian of the 4th cent. AD, author of a Chrēstomatheía (‘Things worth knowing’) in iambic trimeters. Photius, the only biographical source, took extracts from it (Cod. 279, 529b 25-536a 22), but also knew of a prose epitome (cf. [4. 99; 6. 16]). The encyclopaedic work includes grammatical, etymological, historical and mythological information; on the literary genre cf. [6. 24-26]. Neither a crite…

(Νεῖλος/ Neîlos, Latin Nilus). [German version] [1] N. of Ancyra Author of monastic letters and stories, c. 400 A number of monastic letters, stories, apophthegmata, treatises and fragments are attributed to a N. of Ancyra or an ascetic N. in MSS. The question of authorship is hardly fully resolved in any of the texts. If the autobiographical data in the Dihēgḗmata [1. 6044] are not held to be authentic (but so in [4]), little more is known of N. than that he lived in Galatia at the turn of the 4th and 5th cents. AD  (but cf. the critique of this in [7. …

(Θεαίτητος; Theaítētos). [German version] [1] T. of Athens, mathematician, c. 400 BC Mathematician, a native of Athens, pupil of Theodorus [2] of Cyrene and later a member of Plato's Academy ( Akadḗmeia ). In Plato's [1] dialogue named after him, T. appears (together with the aged Theodorus [2]) as about fifteen years old in 399 BC; he was therefore born c. 414. Plato describes him as gentle, courageous and quick to apprehend. After he had been wounded in the battle of Corinth, T. contracted dysentery and died in 369. T. contributed substantially to the theory of irrational quantiti…

(Νεῖλος, lat. Nilus). [English version] [1] N. von Ankyra Verf. monastischer Briefe und Erzählungen, um 400 Eine Reihe von monastischen Briefen, Erzählungen, Apophthegmata, Traktaten und Fragmenten wird in den Hss. einem N. von Ankyra bzw. einem N., dem Asketen, zugeschrieben; die Autorenfrage ist bei kaum einem der Texte endgültig gelöst. Wenn man die autobiographischen Angaben der Dihēgḗmata [1. 6044] nicht für authentisch hält (so [4]), weiß man über N. wenig mehr, als daß er in Galatien an der Wende vom 4. zum 5. Jh.n.Chr. lebte (vgl. aber die Kr…

[English version] [1] (Erzengel) Erzengel Der Engel G. (“Mann Gottes”) gehört in der jüd. Überl. zusammen mit Uriel, Rafael, Raguel, Michael und Sariel zu den sechs Erzengeln (äthHen 20,1-7; für sieben Erzengel vgl. Tob 12,12-15; für vier Erzengel: äthHen 9-10; 40,9f.). Zusammen mit Michael erscheint G. bereits in der biblischen Überl., wo er als angelus interpres fungiert, der dem Seher seine Visionen deutet (Dan 8,16; 9,21) und die Geburt Johannes des Täufers und Jesu (Lk 1,19.26) verkündet. Nach äthHen 20,7 ist G. über die Paradiesschlangen und d…

(Ἰγνάτιος; Ignátios). [German version] [1] Bishop of Antioch Bishop of Antioch, martyr, ranks as an Apostolic Father ( Apostolic Fathers). Rist, Josef (Würzburg) [German version] A. Biography The person and work of I. cannot be separated from each other because the only certain biographical information is extant in the corpus of letters ascribed to him. Therefore, the position taken in the ‘Ignatian debate’, i.e. in the discussion over the unity and genuineness of the preserved letters (see [4], with response [5; 6]), al…

(Ἱπποδάμας; Hippodámas). [German version] [1] Brother of Orestes Son of the river god  Achelous [2] and of Perimede, father of Euryte, brother of Orestes (Apollod. 1,52). In a different tradition, father of the Naiad  Perimele, the mistress of Achelous, who, after having been pushed into the sea by H., was transformed into one of the Echinades Islands by Poseidon (on the western coast of Acarnania) (Ov. Met. 8,573ff.). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Name of Trojans Name of Trojans: one H. is killed by Achilles (Hom. Il. 20,401), the other by Agamemnon (Hyg. Fab…

(see also Constantinus). [German version] [1] K. VII Porphyrogennetos Byzantine emperor (Byzantine emperor AD 905-959; sole ruler 945-959). Son of the Byzantine emperor Leon VI (886-912) and of Zoe Karbonopsina; for K. as a politician see Constantinus [9]. His literary activity was directed toward the preservation and codification of knowledge for practical purposes. Thus, the Excerpta [1], a historical and moral encyclopaedia which he inspired, are a gigantic, thematically structured compilation in 53 volumes. It consists of sections from several h…

[German version] [1] Greek architect, 3rd cent. BC Greek architect of the 3rd cent. BC; according to Str. 10,5,7 and 13,1,13, he built a state altar, 1 stadium long ( Measures), from the material of an abandoned temple near Parium; it is presumably depicted on coins (London, BM) and could be compared with the Hieronian monumental altar of  Syracusae. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Overbeck, 2086-2087 (sources) G. A. Mansuelli, s.v. H., EAA 4, 1961, 13 (with fig. 18). [German version] [2] Epigrammatist, 3rd cent. BC Epigrammatist whose existence cannot be proven with…

(Πολύστρατος). [English version] [1] Begüterter Athener, Ratsherr 411 v. Chr. Begüterter Athener, bekleidete mehrfach Ämter, war 411 v. Chr. Ratsherr und nach dem oligarchischen Umsturz an der Auswahl der 5000 Bürger beteiligt, die künftig als einzige polit. Rechte besitzen sollten. In den Seegefechten bei Eretria gegen die Spartaner wurde er verwundet. Nach dem Sturz der 400 ( tetrakósioi ) wurde P. zu einer hohen Geldbuße verurteilt und um 410/409 im Alter von 70 J. erneut wohl wegen seiner polit. Tätigkeit angeklagt; von seiner…

(Σαβῖνος). [English version] [1] hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, 1.-2. Jh. Hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, der im 1. bis 2. Jh. n. Chr. wirkte. Er war der Lehrer des Metrodoros [8] und des Stratonikos, der wiederum Lehrer des Galenos war, welcher in S. einen sorgfältigeren und klareren Ausleger des Hippokrates [6] sah als in seinen Vorläufern (CMG 5,10,2,1, p. 17, 329-330; 5,10,2,2, p. 510). Zu S.' Schwächen zählten ein Mangel an anatomischen Kenntnissen und Sektionserfah…