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peace made by Xerxes and/or Artaxerxes I with Athens and her confederacy in the 5th century B.C. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 7, pp. 679-680 CALLIAS, PEACE OF, peace made by Xerxes and/or Artaxerxes I with Athens and her confederacy in the 5th century b.c. The stele recording it, destroyed in the Peloponnesian War, seems to have been reengraved and set up in Athens after the King’s Peace (q.v.) imposed by the king on the Greeks of Europe in 387/6 b.c., to which it henceforth provided a gl…

a member of the highest Persian aristocracy at the end of the Achaemenid period. He probably belonged to one of the Six Families that had helped Darius I gain the throne. PHRATAPHERNES (OIr. *Frāda-farnah, Av. Frādat ̰.xᵛarənah, Yt. 13.128 “furthering Farrah” [see Schmitt]), a member of the highest Persian aristocracy at the end of the Achaemenid period. He probably belonged to one of the Six Families that had helped Darius I gain the throne. Perhaps he was a descendant of Intaphernes (Vindafarnah, son of Vayaspara: DB IV 83), one of whose sons survived when Darius executed …

(Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held. He permanently renounced any intervention in Armenia and Parthia. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 458 HADRIAN (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), born 76 C.E. of an eminent family of Italian colonists at Italica (near Seville); Roman emperor 117-38 (Figure 1). Trajan, a cousin of his father, became one of his guardians and looked after…

site of one of the greatest battles in history, resulting in the decisive victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III on 1 October 331 B.C.E. A version of this article is available in print Volume X, Fascicle 3, pp. 332-333 GAUGAMELA, site of one of the greatest battles in history, resulting in the decisive victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III (qq.v.) on 1 October 331 B.C.E. (the date, long debated, is now certain: see A. J. Sachs and H. Hunger, Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, Vienna, 1988, pp. 178-79). The exact location, about 60 miles from Arbe…

the mother of Darius III and of Stateira (2), perhaps also of Oxyathres; captured in the Persian base camp after the battle of Issus along with other members of the immediate royal family. SISIGAMBIS, the mother of Darius III and of Stateira (2), perhaps also of Oxyathres (for variants of his name, see ROXANE), who is described as a brother of Darius III. The name. The form “Sisigambis” occurs in Quintus Curtius Rufus and must be correct, since it fits into a series of Persian names in Greek with Sisi-/OIr. *ČiΘra- “seed, lineage” (Sisimithres, Strabo, 11.11…

the unsuccessful uprising of the Greek cities of Asia Minor against Achaemenid control, 499-493 BCE. The main and almost the only source for the Revolt is Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The revolt of the Ionians and of some Aeolians joining them had clearly not been a spontaneous rising. Dislike of Persian rule does seem, at this time, to have been universal among the western subjects. A version of this article is available in print Volume XIII, Fascicle 2, pp. 188-195 IONIAN REVOLT, the unsuccessful uprising of the Greek cities of Asia Minor against Achaemenid control, 499-493 B.C.E. The Ion…

river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 2, pp. 187 GRANICUS, river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara. The Granicus was the site of the first battle between Alexander the Great and a Persian army. In late May 334 B.C.E. Alexander was moving east towards the river from the Troad, when he heard that the Persian commanders in Anatolia had concentrated their forces at Zelea (Sari Köy) and were intending to defend the river …

(b. ca. 400 BCE, d. 330 BCE); probably from mountainous Upper Macedonia, he became Philip II’s most successful general. PARMENIO, son of Philotas, of high nobility, probably from mountainous Upper Macedonia (b. ca. 400 BCE, d. 330 BCE). He became Philip II’s most successful general (Philip jocularly called him his “only” general: Plutarch, Moralia 177c) as well as his most trusted adviser. A friend of Attalus, also of high nobility, who married his daughter, he was probably involved in Philip’s marriage to Attalus’s young niece and ward, Cleopatra…

(ca. 454-395 BCE), Spartan commander and politician. LYSANDER, Spartan commander and politician (b. ca. 454 BCE; d. 395 BCE). Since he acquired, and then lost, far greater power than any other Greek before the Hellenistic age and in the process sharply divided the Spartan citizen body, fiction (much of it denigratory) soon attached to his biography. At many points one can write about him only “with all due caution” (Cartledge). Born of a highly aristocratic father (the family, like the Spartan kings, traced its ancestry to Heracles), a guest-friend of the rulers o…

member of the highest Achaemenid aristocracy, who had a long career under Artaxerxes III, Darius III, and Alexander of Macedon. At Gaugamela, Mazaeus commanded the right wing of the Persian line with “the best of the cavalry.” MAZAEUS, member of the highest Achaemenid aristocracy, who had a long career under Artaxerxes III, Darius III, and Alexander of Macedon. Name and rank. On the satrapal coins of Mazaeus his name appears as mzdy (read as Mazdai), at Sidon sometimes abbreviated to mz (see Head, 1911, pp. 722, 731, 796; Figure 1). He is called a “friend” ( fílos) of Darius III and no dou…

officer under Alexander the Great on his campaign in Asia. PEUCESTAS, officer under Alexander the Great on his campaign in Asia. First heard of in 326 BCE as a trierarch of the fleet on the Hydaspes River (Arrian, Indica 18.6), he attained prominence when he entered the city of the Malli with Alexander and saved his life when Alexander had fainted after being seriously wounded (Arr. Anabasis 6.9.3, 10.1-2; Curtius, 9.5.14-15) and was himself wounded (Curt., 9.5.17-18). The deed is frequently referred to later. He was rewarded by being appointed a supernumerary (eighth) Bodyguard (Arr., An…

Rhodian brothers, condottieri of the late Achaemenid period. MENTOR and MEMNON, Rhodian brothers, condottieri of the late Achaemenid period. They aided Artabazus in securing the succession to his father Pharnabazus’s satrapy of Dascylium and as a reward received a large fief in the Troad (Demosthenes, 23.154; cf. Arrian, Anabasis 1.78, Strabo 13.1.11). Henceforth they were closely linked with Artabazus, who married their sister and whose daughter Barsine married Mentor (Arr., 7.4.6) and after Mentor’s death perhaps Memnon. They supported Arta…

a name attested for several royal women of the Achaemenid period: daughter of Hydarnes, wife of Codomannus, daughter of Darius III. STATEIRA, name attested for several royal women of the Achaemenid period. 1. Stateira, daughter of Hydarnes, descended from one of the men who had put Darius I on the throne (DB 4.84-85: Vidarna), and sister of ( inter aliis) Tissaphernes and Terituchmes (Ctesias, 53-55). She was married to the later Artaxerxes II (r. 405-359/8) before he became king. When Terituchmes seemed to be plotting revolt and had divorced Darius II’…

Greek historian from Agyrium in Sicily, hence called Siculus (the Sicilian) who came to Rome in the middle of the first century B.C.E. and there wrote his Bibliotheca Historica, a universal history in forty books, from the origins to the age of Caesar. A version of this article is available in print Volume VII, Fascicle 4, pp. 421-422 DIODORUS SICULUS, Greek historian from Agyrium in Sicily, hence called Siculus (the Sicilian). He came to Rome in the middle of the first century B.C.E. and there wrote his Bibliotheca Historica, a universal history in forty books (only 1-5, largely l…

(ca. 495-429 BCE), Athenian politician and commander in the period after the major victories over the forces of Xerxes I. PERICLES (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), Athenian politician and commander. His father, Xanthippus, after playing the leading role in the victory of Mycale, which destroyed the Persian army of Asia Minor and the Phoenician fleet, and seizing Sestos for the Athenians, had successfully prosecuted Miltiades, the victor of Marathon (all 489 B.C.E.). Pericles’ mother Agariste was an Alcmeonid, a family of the …

[English version] (Σωσθένης). Maked. Adliger. Nach dem Tod des Ptolemaios [2] Keraunos wurde dessen Bruder Meleagros [5] Anf. 279 v. Chr. König von Makedonien, aber schon nach zwei Monaten abgesetzt. Sein Nachfolger Antipatros, Neffe des Kassandros, zeigte sich den Kelten nicht gewachsen und wurde nach 45 Tagen von S. vertrieben, dem es gelang, der Keltengefahr Herr zu werden. Den ihm daraufhin angebotenen Königstitel lehnte S. ab und regierte als stratēgós . Beim Einfall des Brennus [2] wurde Makedonien nochmals geplündert; doch als die Kelten…

[English version] (Θυμώνδας). Sohn des Mentor [3], Feldherr des Dareios [3], dem er im Sommer 333 v. Chr. die Söldnerarmee seines verstorbenen Onkels Memnon [3] zuführte (Arr. an. 2,2,1; Curt. 3,3,1) Er nahm als Befehlshaber der griech. Söldner an der Schlacht bei Issos teil (Curt. 3,9,2) und kam vielleicht auf der Flucht der Söldner nach Ägypt. (Arr. an. 2,3,1-3) ums Leben. Badian, Ernst Bibliography J. E. Atkinson, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. Alexandri Magni, Bd. 1, 1980, 206  Berve, Nr. 380.

[English version] (Σιβύρτιος). Freund des Peukestas [2], wurde von Alexandros [4] 325 v. Chr. als Satrap von Karmania eingesetzt, bald aber nach Gedrosia mit Arachosia und Oreitai versetzt (Arr. an. 6,27,1) und von Perdikkas [4] und Antipatros [1] im Amt bestätigt; nach 323 wird aber nur Arachosia erwähnt (Diod. 18,3,3; Arr. FGrH 156 F 9,36). Er schloß sich Eumenes [1] an (Diod. 19,14,6), mußte aber fliehen, als dieser ihn des Hochverrats anklagte (Diod. 19,23,4; 19,27,4). Nach Eumenes' Tod gab ih…

[English version] (Στασάνωρ). Grieche aus Soloi, Hetairos ( hetaíroi ) von Alexandros [4] (Arr. an. 3,29,5; Strab. 14,6,3); wurde 329 v. Chr. mit der Verhaftung und Nachfolge des Satrapen von Areia betraut, den er dem König zuführte (Arr. an. 3,29,5; 4,7,1). Im Winter 328/7 übertrug ihm Alexandros auch Drangiana (Arr. an. 4,18,3; Curt. 8,3,17). Nach Alexandros' Verlusten in Gedrosia brachte S. ihm Kamele und Lasttiere und kehrte dann in seine Satrapie zurück (Arr. an. 6,27,6; 29,1). Be…

[English version] (Θέρσιππος). Teilnehmer am Feldzug Alexandros' [4] d. Gr. Dieser schickte ihn 333/2 von Marathos aus zu Dareios [3] mit der Antwort auf dessen erstes Friedensangebot (Arr. An. 2,14,4; Curt. 4,1,14); vielleicht identisch mit dem Th., der nach Alexandros' Tod in einem Dekret der Nesiotai [2] (OGIS 4) geehrt wird (so [1. Bd. 1,369; Bd. 2.2,376]). Badian, Ernst Bibliography 1 G. A. Droysen, Gesch. des Hell., 3 Bde., 21877/8 (Ndr. der Ausgabe 1952/3, hrsg. von E. Bayer, 1980) 2 Berve, Nr. 368 3 E. Poddighe, Il decreto dell'isola di Nesos in onore di Tersippo…