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[German version] Marking out  fields or extensive farmlands, cities, temple districts and military camps and determining the directions of roads, aqueducts, etc., presupposed a number of measuring tasks which were carried out by technically trained surveyors. In Roman sources, from which our only  knowledge of the variety of problems of this specific discipline comes, these workers were termed, e.g. mensores ( agrorum), agrimensores, metatores, finitores and gromatici. The last term is derived from groma , the bearing apparatus used for measuring ta…

[German version] (Ζάλδαπα/ Záldapa). Late Roman and early Byzantine settlement and fort (Iohannes Antiochenus FHG 4,32; Procop. Aed. 4,11,20; name probably Thracian) in Moesia inferior (Scythia minor). Formerly identified with Abrit(t)us, today Z. is equated with modern Abtaat to the southwest of Tropaeum Traiani (modern Adamclisi). There were road connections with Tropaeum Traiani, Scopis, Durostorum and Tomis. Z. was the birth-place of Vitalianus, a usurper against Anastasius [1] I. Towards the end of the 6th cent., the settlement was destroyed by Avari and Slavs. Burian, Jan…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Daci, Dacia | Limes (Πορόλισσον/ Porólisson). Settlement in northwestern Dacia (CIL III 7986; CIL XVI 132; Tab. Peut. 8,3: Porolisso; Ptol. 3,8,6; Daci, Dacia), in the area of modern Moigrad-Jas (near Cluj in Romania). Already occupied by the Romans under Trajan (AD 98-117) and, owing to its strategic location, an important military base with two camps. P. played a significant role as a centre of trade and administration in the province of Dacia Porolissensis, which was established in AD 124. The civ…

[German version] Illyrian (?) tribe (Tac. Germ. 28,3; 43,1; Osones: Itin. Anton. 263,7), related to the Aravisci, living to the east of the Marcomanni but west of the Hercynia Silva. The O. were tributary to the Sarmates or the Quadi. They originally lived northeast of the bend in the Danube near Vác, not far from the river Ipel' in central Slovakia. In 10/9 BC, they became part of the Roman sphere of influence (ILS 8965). Probably before the end of the Marcomanni War in 180 AD they migrated to Pannonia, in the area between Savaria and Aquincum (Itin. Anton. 263,7). From this period a praepos( itus…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia (Τροσμής/ Trosmḗs). Roman legionary camp and civilian city (Ov. Pont. 4,9,79; Tab. Peut. 8,3; Not. Dign. Or. 39,23; 39,31; Geogr. Rav. 4,5,19;  Procop. Aed. 4,11) in Moesia Inferior (Scythia Minor; Moesi), modern Igliţa (in the municipality of Turcoaia in the Romanian county of Tulcea). The Getae were the original settlers; the Romans advanced into the region in 29/27 BC and fortified their position c. AD 15. Before AD 112 the legio V Macedonica was deployed by Oescus [2] to take over military protecti…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia Small Roman town in Pannonia Superior (Νοοϊόδουνον/ Nooïódounon, Ptol. 2,14,4; Itin. Anton. 259; ILS 4189: Neviod(unensium servus), also CIL III 3919; 46,16), modern Drnovo in Slovenia (district of Brez̆ice), originally a Celtic settlement in the neighbourhood of the Latobici. In the Roman period N. gained significance as a node on the road from Emona to Siscia. A branch leading northwest connected N. with Celeia. Near N. there was a crossing over the Sava. In the Flavian period N. became a municipiu…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Coloniae | Legio | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia | Pilgrimage Roman settlement in Pannonia superior, from the time of Diocletianus in Noricum Mediterraneum, modern Ptuj in Slovenia. The obviously Illyrian place name is documented in various alternative forms (CIL V 4371; VI 2552; 32561: Petovio; CIL XVI 155: Petabio; CIL VI 2579; 32515: Petavio; CIL XI 1016: Poetavio; Amm. Marc. 14,11,19: Potabio; Codex Theod. 12,1,78: Patavio; Ptol. 2,14,4; Zos. 2,46: Ποτόβιον/ Potóbion; Priscus fr. 8: Παταβίων/ Patabíōn). The…

[German version] [1] Vicus in Pannonia Superior Vicus in Pannonia Superior (Tab. Peut. 5,1; Ναύπορτος/ Naúportos, Str. 4,6,10), modern Vrhnika (Ljubljana district, Slovenia). The Roman vicus was established at the site of a Celtic settlement (Str. 7,5,2). Because of its location on the eponymous river and the Aquileia - Emona road, the settlement quickly prospered (Tac. Ann. 1,20,1: municipii instar, ‘ as a municipium’). The area between N. and Emona was very important to commercial traffic from northern Italy to the middle Danube, where beyond Carnuntum …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Coloniae | Daci, Dacia | Moesi, Moesia | Rome Roman colony in Moesia superior, later the capital of Dacia Ripensis (Daci, with map), modern Arčar (oblast Vidin, Bulgaria). The settlement lay on the right bank of the Danube on the important road from Singidunum to Oescus and further eastwards. R. was the camp of the  Legio XIII Gemina and the port of a river fleet (Not. Dign. Or. 42,43). There is evidence of an arms factory there (Not. Dign. Or. 11,38). Archaeological finds, inscriptions and coins. Burian, Jan (P…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia Statio on the Danube in Moesia inferior, modern Belene, apparently in the tribal territory of the Getic Dimenses. The identification with Δίακον (Ptol. 3,10,10) is questionable. In the 4th cent. a cuneus equitum Solensium was stationed there (Not. Dign. Or. 40,12). Attestations: Itin. Ant. 221; Tab. Peut.; CIL III 12399; Not. Dign. Or. 40,6; 12; Procop. Aed. 307,19 (Διμώ). Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography V. I. Velkov, Die thrak. und dak. Stadt in der Spätant., 1959, 60, 67, 88, 163.

[German version] ‘Church of Men’ (Turkish), the ancient Tropaeum Traiani in  Moesia inferior or Scythia minor (CIL III 7481-84; 12461-75; 13733-36; 14214-1421418; 16,58), founded by  Trajanus and settled by Traianenses Tropaeenses (CIL III 12470). It became a   municipium probably under Emperor  Marcus, was destroyed at the end of the 3rd cent. AD, later rebuilt by  Constantinus I and  Licinius (remains of buildings from the 4th cent., partly Christian). In the 6th cent. AD destroyed by the  Avares. About 1.5 km t…

[German version] Military camp and civilian town (archaeological remains ) in  Dacia superior, statio on the road from Lederata to Tibiscum (Ptol. 3,8,9; Arcidaba: Geogr. Rav. 4,14), modern Varadia near Oravita ( Banat, Romania). Garrison of the cohors I Vindelicorum milliaria civium Romanorum, probably relocated from  Moesia superior to A. during the Dacian Wars in about AD 100. Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography W. Wagner, Die Dislokation der röm. Auxiliarformationen, 1938, 198 G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen in der röm. Prov. Germania Inferior, 1969, 75 TIR L 34, 1968, 30.

[German version] Military camp and vicus on the Danube embankment road east of Brigetio in Pannonia superior, now Nyergesújfalu (Komárom, Hungary). The site was established at the end of the 2nd cent, and in the 2nd/3rd cents. was the base for the cohors V Callaecorum Lucensium (CIL III 3662-3664), in the 4th cent. for the equites promoti (Not. Dign. Occ. 33,30). Rebuilt in the period of Constantine and fortified with corner turrets (It. Ant. 246,2; 266,8; Not. Dign. Occ. 33,9,30; CIL III 3662-3666, 10602; Κοῦρτα in Ptol. 2,11,5; 15,4). Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography C. Patsch, s.v. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia | Rome ( Sopianae). Roman settlement in Pannonia inferior (It. Ant. 231; 264; Amm. Marc. 28,1,5; ILS 3795), modern Pécs in Hungary, situated at the starting point of significant roads into the Pannonian Limes zone: north of Carnuntum, Arrabona, Brigetio and Aquincum, southeast of Mursa, Sirmium and Singidunum. There were strong commercial relationships with Italy (imported metal goods, ceramics). Its economic upturn attracted…

[German version] (Ἱερὸν Στόμα; Hieròn Stóma). The most southerly branch of the Danube estuary (Str. 7,5,1; 8,6,1; Ptol. 3,10,2), also known by the name of  Peuce (Luc. 3,202; Plin. HN 4,79; Ptol. loc. cit.; Mart. 7,7,1; Amm. Marc. 22,8,46; Geogr. Rav. 4,5,13), in Scythia Minor, modern district of Tulcea in Romania. Of the seven branches of the estuary in the Danube delta the Hieron Stoma (HS) carried the largest amount of water into the sea. The HS was dedicated to St. George by the Christians and pu…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia Roman colony from the time of Hadrian (CIL III 3279; 3560) and a military base in Pannonia Inferior (It. Anton. 131; Tab. Peut. 6,2), modern Osijek (in Croatia). M. probably lay on both sides of the lower Dravus (Drava), where there was a river crossing. Of the officials of the colony decuriones (CIL III 3288; 10305; 15141), VI viri (CIL III 15145), an augur (CIL III 3291 = 10267) and a flamen (CIL III 3288) are recorded. M. was known for its ceramics and as a trading ce…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Daci, Dacia Town at which L. Tettius [II 2] Iulianus was victorious over the Daci in 88/9 AD (Iord. Get. 10,12; Τάπαι, Cass. Dio 67,10,2; 68,8,1). It was from there that Trajan set out on his first campaign against the Daci in 101 AD. The identification of T. is uncertain (between Tibiscum and Sarmizegetusa or the 'Iron Gate'). Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography J. Dobiáš, The History of Czechoslovacian Territory before the Appearance of the Slavs, 1964, 171 f., 176 (Czech).

[German version] The biggest left-hand Sarmatian tributary of the Danube, the modern Tisa (Tisza, Theiß), which flows through the Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and Serbia and into the Danube near Acumincum (the modern Stari Slankamen) in Pannonia inferior (Plin. HN. 4,80; Parthiscus: Amm. Marc. 17,13,4; cf. Str. 7,5,2). The Latin name Tisia only appears in late-antique sources (cf. Iord. Get. 33). The river constituted a serious obstacle with its wide bed and its swampy environment. The area between the P. and the Danube was settled primar…

[German version] [1] Right bank tributary of the Danube in Moesia inferior Right bank tributary of the Danube in Moesia inferior (Plin. HN 3,149; Tab. Peut. 8,1: Escus; Hdt. 4,49: Σκίος/ Skíos; Thuc. 2,96,4: Ὄσκιος/ Óskios), modern Iskăr (Bulgaria). Burian, Jan (Prague) [German version] [2] Roman town This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia Roman town (Ptol. 3,10,10: Οἶσκος Τριβαλλῶν/ Oîskos Triballôn, cf. 8,11,6; Tab. Peut. 8,1: Escus), modern Gigen (Bulgaria), near the confluence of the O. [1] with the Danube. O. is to…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Legio | Limes | Pannonia Originally a settlement of the  Aravisci; the military and administrative centre of  Pannonia inferior, on the right bank of the Danube, with camp and canabae (Ptol. 2,15,4; It. Ant. 254,7; Amm. Marc. 19,11,8; Not. Dign. occ. 33,54; Sidon. Apoll. Carm. 5,107), governor's residence of the beginning of the 2nd cent. AD; the modern Budapest, third district. In AD 124 municipium Aelium, AD 194 colonia Aelia Septimia. The legio II adiutrix was stationed here c. AD 114. Architectural …