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1 In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition 1. See ad p. 582, chapter 6, 1. 1a. Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbdallāh al-Ḥaddād wrote, in 1203/1789: 1. al-Fawāʾid al-saniyya wa-dhikr nubdha min faḍāʾil nisbat man yantasib bilsilsila al-nabawiyya wa-aʿnī bihim al-sāda al-ʿAlawiyya khuṣūṣan minhum al-qāṭinīn bil-jiha al-Ḥaḍramiyya etc., MS formerly in possession of Snouck-Hurgronje, see ZA XXVI, 239. |⁸¹⁷ 1b. Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq wrote, around 1222/1807: A…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition Muḥammad Surūr al-Ṣabbān, Adab al-Ḥijāz aw Ṣafḥa fikriyya ʿan ādāb alnāshiʾa al-Ḥijāziyya shiʿran wa-nathran C. 1344/1926. 1a. Muḥammad Dahmān wrote, in 1218/1803: Dīwān al-awliyāʾ, based on the revelations of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Ṭāʾifī al-Sharīf al-Ḥusaynī al-Madanī, whom he had met in Shaʿbān of that year, Tunis, Zayt. III, 128,1511. |⁸⁰⁹ 1b. Muḥammad Amīn b. Ḥabīb b. Abī Bakr b. Khiḍr al-Madhīlālī al-M…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition The oldest Arabic translation may have been one of the Gospels, which originated in the Patriarchate of Antioch and which was transferred to the neighbouring Patriarchate of Jerusalem even before Heraclius’ victory over the Persians. There may also have been a pre-Islamic translation of the Gospels of Christian-Palestinian origin and of which a quotation from Joh. 15, 23–162 is preserved in Ibn Hishām, Sīra 149f. |³⁶³ A. Baumstar…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition Ghaylān b. ʿUqba received this name on the occasion of his verse in Diw. 22, 8 = Geyer, Dijamben 23, 8. Apparently he started out as a rajaz poet, but when he realised that he was no match for al-ʿAjjāj and Ruʿba (Marzubānī, Muw. 174) he turned to the qaṣīda. It is said that he himself complained about the slowless of his production; the means to continue some half verse supposedly only came to his mind when his eye fell on a silver vessel, some days later (Ibn Jinnī, Khaṣāʾi…

In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition Arab paganism, with its primitive worship of power and raw animism, had left deeper spirits dissatisfied for a long time, especially those who had become acquainted with “higher” forms of religion such as Judaism and Christianity. |³³ There are reports about a number of such ḥanīfs1 who, turning away from paganism, had nevertheless not gone so far as to join either of the monotheistic religions. Driven by a stronger kind of religious nee…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī was the most knowledgeable scholar of his time. He grew up using the dialect of his native land of Khwārizm (see p. 656, n. 1), but this proved an obstacle to his education, and so he began to use New Persian instead. However, he seems not to have understood his contemporary Firdawsī’s efforts to create a new kind of literary Persian,1instead regarding Arab…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition C. Brockelmann, Tierfabeln und Tiermärchen in der älteren ar. Lit., Islca II, 96 ff., W. Caskel, Aijām al-ʿArab, Studien zur altar. Epik, ibid. III, 1–99. A. Moberg, Arabiske myter och sagor med kulturhistorisk inledning, Stockholm 1927. On the different wandering themes, see R. Gragger, Eine arab. Gestalt der Bürgschaftssage, Z. f. vergl. Lit. 1918, 3 ff. (with H. Winkler, Ar. -Sem. -Or. MVAG 1901, p. 143), Ch. Torrey, The St…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition Biographies of the Ashʿarīs also in ʿAbdallāh b. Asʿad al-Yāfiʿī, Marham al-ʿilal II, 177. 1. See p. 343. 3. Abu ’l-Walīd Sulaymān b. Khalaf al-Bājī travelled in the East in 426/1034, worked as a qāḍī in a number of places after his return, and died in 474/1081 or 494. Ibn ʿAsākir, Ta ʾr. Dim. VI, 248/50, Yāqūt, Irsh. IV, 251, Ibn Bashk. 449, Ibn Khāqān, Qalāʾid al-ʿiqyān (Paris 1277) 215, Ibn Tag…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition Ibn Qut., Poes. 192, al-Marzubānī, Mujam 461, Caetani, Annali V, 246–57. Ad p. 32 next chapter Carl Brockelmann

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition The decline in Arabic literature that followed original works no longer being written led to the appearance of a whole succession of polymaths and polygraphs, who pretended to singlehandedly sum up the totality of knowledge of their time in encyclopaedias or to process it in monographs. Some of these authors |⁶⁵⁸ we have already come across, |⁴⁹⁹ namely those who excelled to such a degree …

|⁴⁰In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition The first days of Umayyad rule, with their seemingly endless state of war, left no room for poetry to develop. However, when the heavy storms that had shaken the state founded by ʿUmar to its very core had finally died down, the life of the Arabs entered calmer waters. With his talents as a ruler and strong-arm tactics, ʿAbd al-Malik succeeded in unifying the tottering Islamic empire on…

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition In the nineteenth century, Islam in India was constantly forced into competition with Christianity and local religions while continuing to receive new impulses by continuing contacts with Mecca. As such, the Indian printing houses came to play a significant role in the dissemination of older works, especially collections of ḥadīth. Here, too, |⁶⁵⁴ theology was at the centre of literary activity. See Suppl. next chapte…

|⁴³In volume 1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition 1. The manuscript Ref. 33 (Leipz. 505) contains, in addition to the two dīwāns just mentioned, another, supposedly by Abū Ṭālib, the uncle of Muḥammad, and the poems contained within it deal with relations between the Prophet and the Quraysh. Although some of the songs, whose tone is in accordance with the real situation in which Abū Ṭālib found himself, may actually be authentic, most of them were inve…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition Cherbonneau, Essai sur la litérature arabe au Soudan d’après le Tekmilet et Dibage d’Ahmed Baba le Tomboctien, in Ann. de la soc. arch. de la province de Constantine, 1854/5, 37/42; idem, Histoire de la litérature arabe au Soudan in Revue Orientale 1855, 308/14, 1856, 293/304. 1. Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. ʿUmar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Qādir Aḥmad Bābā al-Takkūrī a…

|⁵⁰³In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition 6. Abū Sulaymān Muḥammad b. ʿĀmir b. Rashīd al-Maʿwalī wrote, after 1154/1742: A Chronicle of Oman; for manuscripts in Zanzibar, see M. Guillain, Documents sur lʼhistoire, la géographie et le commerce de lʼAfrique orientale, I, Paris 1856, 473ff., Hedwig Klein (see Suppl. III, 1297, ad 569), 23. next chapter Carl Brockelmann

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1 The Art of Reading the Qurʾān 1. Abu ’l-Aṣbagh ʿĪsā b. Muḥammad b. Fattūḥ al-Hāshimī al-Balansī b. al-Murābiṭ, d. 403/1012. Ibn al-Jazarī, Ṭab. I, 614, no. 2502, Pons Boigues 108b. 1. Kitāb al-taqrīb wal-ḥarsh al-mutaḍammin li-qirāʾāt Qālūn wa-Warsh, Madr. 591. 1a. Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Sufyān al-Qayrawānī made a study trip from Kairouan to Egypt in 380/990 and went …

|⁵⁰²In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition In the nineteenth century there was no scholarly activity to speak of in the Yemen or in Hadramawt, and though there were men who tried to continue the oral tradition, literary production had no importance whatsoever. 1. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Sulaymān al-Ahdal, who died in 1250/1835, see Suppl. III, 1311. 2. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿUmar Bā ʿAlawī, who was muftī al-diyār al-Ḥaḍramiyya, was active as a…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition Of all the pre-Islamic poets, there are six who are more famous than all the others. They owe their fame principally to philologists, probably for the simple reason that they were the only ones of whom they could still put together a reasonably-sized dīwān. Farazdaq, in his Naqāʾiḍ, ed. Bevan 39, 51–9, mentions a couple of others alongside the most famous poets of pre-Islamic times, but leaves out ʿAntara. At V.…

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition As part of a general increase in Islamic culture, Mongol rule in India also advanced Arabic literature, even though it took a backseat to literature in Persian as it was mainly limited to theology. It was only on the west coast, in Gujarat and Malabar, which were in regular contact with South Arabia and the Hijaz, that it gained increased importance. 1 Philology 3. Aḥmad b. Abi ’l-Ghayth b. Mughl…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1 Iraq, the Jazīra, Syria, and Arabia 1. Abu ’l-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Yūsuf b. Baḥr b. Bahrām al-Wazīr al-Maghribī was born in Egypt on 13 Dhu ’l-Ḥijja 370/20 June 981. Having made it under the Fāṭimids to the position of nāẓir dīwān al-zamān, the caliph al-Ḥākim killed his father, uncle, and both his brothers on 3 Dhu ’l-Ḥijja 400/19 July 1010. He fled (accord…