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In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition A Natural Sciences and Technology 1a.– c. See Suppl. 1d. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Ibrāhīm al-Khāzin Abū Bakr wrote, in 421/1030 in Ghazna: Kitāb al-ṭīb Garr. 2154,1. 2. Badīʿ al-Zamān Abū Bakr al-Muʿizz b. Ismāʿīl b. al-Razzāz al-Jazarī, see Suppl. Ad Serāi 3472, see Holter, Jahrb. des kunsthist. Inst. Vienna N.S. 11, 1937, p. 37. 2a. Ṭāhir al-Marwazī, see Suppl. See Minorsky, CR Ac. Inscr. 1937, 3…

In volume S1 | Introduction previous chapter | German edition 1. In a first round, sources listed here are only those which should be taken into account for the entire field, especially as regards volume I, while monographs will receive individual mention where appropriate. 1. Biographical works Irsh. The Irshád al-Aríb ilá maʿrifat al-Adíb or Dictionary of learned Men by Yáqút, ed. by D.S. Margoliouth, vol. I–VII, Leiden 1907–26 (E.J.W. Gibb Memorial vol. VI); second edition vol. I, 1923. 2. Bibliographies Victor Chauvin, Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arab…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 2, Muḥammad and His Time previous chapter | German edition Of the Dīwān attributed to Abū Ṭālib there is also a modern copy in Cairo2 III, 115. Sharḥ Lāmiyyat Abī Ṭālib by ʿAlī Fahmī al-Mūstārī, Istanbul 1327. |⁷⁴ 2. A large number of the verses attributed to ʿAlī were known to the ancient philologists (see al-Marzubānī, Muʿjam 279 ff.); it seems that Ibn Qutayba, ʿUyūn 2 III, 5, 17 (see also Ṭabarī, Tafsīr VI, 110) knew a Dīwān ʿAlī. Al-Zamakhsharī, on the other hand, is said to have recognised only two verses as au…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition 1 Poetry and Belles Lettres 1a. Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Mūsā b. Yaḥyā Bahrān al-Ṣaʿdī, ca. 950/1543. Dīwān, qaṣīdas and muwashshaḥāt in praise of Imām al-Mutawakkil ʿala ’llāh Yaḥyā b. Shams al-Dīn (912–65/1506–57) and his son, Br. Mus. Suppl. 1072, ii, Cairo2III, 106, a qaṣīda, Br. Mus. Suppl. 540, f. 28b. 3. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Yamanī al-Sharjī, ca. 999/1590. Tuḥfat al-aṣḥāb wa-nuzhat dhawi ’l…

|⁴⁹⁸In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 until the Present Day previous chapter | German edition Up to the present day, the Holy City of Islam has remained completely free of the European influence that is felt everywhere else. As such, even in the nineteenth century Islamic literature in its purest form was still flourishing there. As a place of education, the Ḥaram attracted numerous foreigners, especially Malays, |⁴⁹⁹ meaning Mecca offered ample opportunities to energetic teachers. As before, th…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 3, The Period of the Umayyads previous chapter | German edition The fact that al-Farazdaq left Basra during the reign of Muʿāwiya is confirmed in Ṭabarī, II, 94–108. The poem which occasioned Marwān to expel him from Medina can be found in Dīw. no. 89 (translated |⁸⁵ in Rescher, Abriss I, 255, Ibn Khall. transl. III, 617), see Dīwān Jarīr II, 139 (137, 7), Naq. Bevan, 52, 12, al-Marzubānī, Muw. 114, 3–6, Khiz. III, 174 bottom. When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was the governor of Medina in the years 86–93 (during the…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn (Ḥasan) b. ʿAlī b. Sīnā (Avicenna) al-Qānūnī was born in Ṣafar 370/August 980 |⁵⁹⁰ in Afshana, near Bukhārā, the son of the governor of Ḥarmaythān. |⁴⁵³ Having studied philosophy under Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Nātilī and medicine under the Christian physician ʿĪsā b. Yaḥyā, by the age of 17 he gained the favour of Nūḥ b. Manṣūr of Bukhārā after succ…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition While Egypt and Syria opened their gates—even if not always voluntarily—to the influx of European ideas as early as the first half of the nineteenth century, the western part of the Arabic-speaking world remained obstinately closed to such influence. |⁸⁷² To them, Europe was the enemy that had threatened its independence for many decades; in the centre it had crushed it in a sudden attack, wh…

|⁶²³In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Aṣbagh b. Muḥammad al-Gharnāṭī b. al-Samḥ was a mathematician, physician, and astronomer in Granada, who died on 18 Rajab 426/30 May 1035. Ibn Abī Uṣ. II, 391. 1. Kitāb fi ’l-ʿamal bil-asṭurlāb Br. Mus. 405,2.— 2, 3. see Suppl.— Cf. Steinschneider, Zur pseudepigr. Lit. p. 74. 2. Abū Naṣr Manṣūr b. ʿAlī b. ʿIrāq, who died before 427/1036 (see Suppl.). Sachau, Alberunis Chron. XXXIII, Steins…

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition J. Hirschberg, Geschichte der Augenheilkunde II, 1, Gesch. d. Aug. bei den Arabern (Handbuch der ges. Aug. XIII), Leipzig 1905. —, Die arabischen Lehrbücher der Augenheilkunde, ein Capitel zur arab. Litteraturgeschichte, Anhang zu den Abh. der Kgl. Preuss. Ak. d. Wiss. of 1905. M. Meyerhof, Einige neuere Funde von Hdss. arab. Augenärzte, Zentralbl. für prakt. Augenheilkunde 33, 1909, 321ff. —, New light on the early period …

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 1, From Mongol Rule Until the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in the Year 1517 previous chapter | German edition The Mongol onslaught never reached Arabia, and the lives of the herdsmen and bandits who made up the Bedouins of Najd remained undisturbed. Only rarely was the peace of the holy places of Mecca and Medina disturbed by disputes, usually between the ruling families of sharifs or as a result of attempts by Egyptian or Yemeni rulers to bring the area und…

|⁸⁶⁵ In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition 1. Al-Mūsawī al-Ahdal wrote: Al-Nahja al-Ahdaliyya fī manāqib al-minḥa al-Barabāliyya, on the life of shaykh Muṣṭafā b. Bā Ādam of Beruwala in Ceylon, lith. ca. 1307 in Colombo. 2. Aḥmadallāh of Rangoon. Tuḥfat al-muʾminīn, on religious doctrine, with a commentary in Burmese, Rangoon 1895. 3. ʿArafāt Manṣūr. Fākihat al-imlāʾ, on Arabic morphology, Singapore 1334. 4. The faqīh ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAlawī b. ʿAbdal…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abu ’l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Hawāzin b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Ṭalḥa b. Muḥammad al-Qushayrī, d. 465/1072 (see Suppl.). Ibn Khall. 367, Jāmī, Nafaḥāt 354, Flügel, Wiener Jahrb. 47, Anz. Bl. p. 3. 1. Risālat al-Qushayrī, written in 438/1045, an exposition of the foundations of mysticism, with an introduction describing the lives of famous Sufis and an explanation of their…

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition 1. Ṣāḥibzāde Muḥammad ʿUmar Mayyāl al-Muḥammadī wrote, in Peshawar: 1. Burhān al-uṣūl Pesh. 581.—2. Lāʾiq al-samʿa fī taḥqīq al-jumʿa Pesh. 654 (with glosses dated 1206/1791). 2. Mollā Aḥmadallāh al-Pīshāwarī. Tuḥfat al-ikhwān fi ’l-tafriqa bayn al-kufr wal-īmān Rāmpūr I, 285,28. 3. Mollā Dūst Muḥammad b. Mollā Amīn al-Kābulī wrote, before 1291/1874: Tuḥfat al-akhillāʾ fī ʿiṣmat al-anbiyāʾ Rāmpūr I, 285,28. Ad …

In volume 2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 2, From the Conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selīm I in 1517 to the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt in 1798 previous chapter | German edition In this period Mecca was almost equal to the other intellectual centres of the Muslim world. From the tenth/sixteenth century onward |⁴⁹⁶ an ever greater number of foreign scholars sought refuge there from troubles in their native countries; not temporarily, but on a permanent basis. |³⁷⁸ Unsurprisingly, the fuqahāʾ were greatest in number among them. In the thirteenth century the …

In volume S1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature, from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1. Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Ṭabasī, d. 482/1089. 1. Kitāb al-shāmil min al-baḥr al-kāmil fi ’l-dawr al-ʿāmil, a fragment of which is in Dāmād Ibr. 845, abbreviated version in NO 2792, Persian transl. in Bodl. Éthé 1561, As. Soc. Beng. II, 650. |⁹⁰⁸ 1a. Before the conquest of Saragossa by the Almoravids, Abū Aflaḥ al-Saraqusṭī wrote, in 1110: Sẹfȩr hat-Tāmār, das Buch der Palme, des …

In volume S2 | book 3, The Decline of Islamic Literature | Section 3, From the Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt Until the British Occupation previous chapter | German edition E.G. Browne, A literary History of Persia, vol. IV, Modern Times (A.D. 1500―1924), Cambridge 1930. In Persia, too, Arabic remained the predominant language of scholarship until way into the modern era. Just like the Shīʿa of Iraq, Persians writing in Arabic, not yet touched by the spirit of the modern Islam, are listed here until the present day. The first printing press was founded in Tabriz in 1816/17 and in …

|²⁴⁸|²²⁰In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 1, The Classical Period from ca. 750 until ca. 1000 previous chapter | German edition J.B.J. Delambre, Histoire de lʼastronomie au moyen âge, Paris 1819. The study of astronomy, which was closely linked to that of mathematics and for the most part pursued by the same scholars, was from its beginnings likewise just as much indebted to the Indians as it was to the Greeks. The translation of the Mεγάλη σύνταξις of Ptolemy is mentioned in Suppl. I, 363. As reported by Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-Ādamī1 ( Fihrist 280,21, Casi…

In volume 1 | book 2, Islamic Literature in the Arabic Language | Section 2, The Post-Classical Period of Islamic Literature from ca. 400/1000 until ca. 656/1258 previous chapter | German edition 1 The Ḥanafīs 1. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Nāṭifī, who died in Rayy in 444/1054. Ibn Quṭlūbughā 16. 1. Kitāb al-aḥkām fi ’l-fiqh al-Ḥanafī Cairo 1III, 111. = Jumal al-aḥkām Br. Mus. Suppl. 275 ii, Garr. 2129, Alex. Fiqh Ḥan. 4.— 2. al-Rawḍa fi ’l-furūʿ ḤKh 1III, 509,6668, 2I, 931, Alex. Fiqh Ḥan. 29. 2. Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ḥusayn al-Nāṣihī, a qāḍī in Bukhārā who died in 447/1055 (see…

In volume S1 | book 1, The National Literature of the Arabs | Section 1, From the Beginnings until the Appearance of Muḥammad previous chapter | German edition Ad p. 11 Traditionally, the inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula fall into two groups, sharply distinguished by profound differences. In the fertile coastal plain of the south, with its well-watered, terraced hinterland gradually rising to alpine hights, the oriental race, this basis of Semitism, soon mixed with Mediterranean and incidental negroid elements, its relati…