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Bad̲j̲imzā
(60 words)
or Bagimzā, in the time of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate, was a village north-east of Bag̲h̲dād, some 8 miles from Baʿḳūbā, where the caliph al-Muḳtafī bi-Amr Allāh put to flight the troops of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Muḥammad II under Alp Ḳus̲h̲ Kūn-i Ḵh̲ar in 549/1154. (Ed.) Bibliography Yāḳūt, i, 497, 706 Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, xi, 129 Houtsma,
Recueil, ii, 237 ff.
al-Rabaḥī
(94 words)
, Yūsuf b. Sulaymān b. Marwān al-Anṣārī, Abū ʿUmar, b. 367/978, d. at Murcia 448/1056, grammarian of Muslim Spain. Best known as such, he is equally credited with competence in
fiḳh , poetry, metrics and genealogies. It appears that he played a certain role in the reconciliation of the various grammatical schools in al-Andalus. A
Radd ʿalā ’l-Ḳabrī and a
Radd ʿalā Abī Muḥammad al-Aṣīlī are attributed to him, but do not seem to have survived. (Ed.) Bibliography Ibn Bas̲h̲kuwāl,
Ṣila, Cairo 1374/1955, ii, 640 no. 1499 Kaḥḥāla,
Muʾallifīn, Damascus 1376-80/1957-61, xiii, 303.
Ḳōzān-Og̲h̲ullari̇
(362 words)
, a family of
derebeys [
q.v.] in Ottoman southern Anatolia, with their centre of power in the 19th century in the
sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḳōzān [
q.v.] (i.e. western Ḳōzān) and the
ḳaḍāʾ …
Ḥūs̲h̲
(144 words)
, country of the
d̲j̲inns , beyond the sands of Yabrīn, into which no human ventures, and also a fabulous kind of camels, which are the issue of a cross between ordinary camels and
d̲j̲inn stallions or descended from the camels of the Wabār [
q.v.], whose country they alone occupy. At times the males leave these desert wastes to attack herds and mate with female domestic camels; it is thus, it is thought, that famous species such as the
mahriyya [see ibil ] or the
ʿasd̲j̲ādiyya are born. Ḥūs̲h̲ appears to be a doublet of
waḥs̲h̲ [
q.v.] “wild”, and
ḥūs̲h̲ī/waḥs̲h̲ī is a te…
ʿAdī b. Arṭāt
(271 words)
al-fazarī , abū wāt̲h̲la , official in the service of the Umayyads who governed ʿIrāḳ from Baṣra between 99/718 and 101/720. He was appointed to this office by ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz in place of Yazīd b. al-Muhallab, and received the order to arrest all the sons of al-Muhallab. He managed to get hold of al-Mufaḍḍal, Ḥabīb, Marwān and Yazīd, but the latter escaped and returned to the attack. ʿAdī then raised the troops of Baṣra and had a trench dug round the town to prevent the …
T̲h̲abīr
(142 words)
, a mountain outside Mecca, on the north side of the valley of Minā [
q.v.]. Yāḳūt,
Muʿd̲j̲am al-buldān , ed. Beirut, ii, 72-4, enumerates several mountains of this name, and also gives a tradition that T̲h̲abīr was, with Ḥirāʾ [
q.v.] and T̲h̲awr, one of the three most significant mountains outside Mecca. It seems to have played a role in the ceremonies of the pre-Islamic
…
al-D̲j̲awād al-Iṣfahānī
(302 words)
, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (he also had the honorific name of D̲j̲āmal al-Dīn ), vizier of the Zangids; he had been carefully educated by his father, and at a very early age was given an official appointment in the
dīwān al-ʿarḍ of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid sultan Maḥmūd. Subsequently he became one of the most intimate friends of Zangī, who made him governor of Naṣībīn and al-Raḳḳa and entrusted him with general supervision of the whole empire. After Zangī’s assassination he very nearly shared his master’s ¶ fate, but succeeded in leading the troops to Mosul. Zangī’s son, Sayf al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī, then confirmed his position. Meanwhile, D̲j̲āmal al-Dīn was so greatly renowned for his charity that he was given the name al-D̲j̲awād “the noble”. He particularly deserved the Muslims’ gratitude for the many useful improvements he made at his own expense in the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca. However, in 558/1163 he was imprisoned in Mosul by Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Mawdūd who had in the meanwhile succeeded his brot…
Gümüs̲h̲tegin
(29 words)
, name of various Turkish chiefs, particularly the Dānis̲h̲mendid prince known also as Amīr G̲h̲āzī [see dānis̲h̲mendids ] and the atabeg of Aleppo [see zangids…
Murīd
(273 words)
(a.), literally “he who seeks”, in Ṣūfī mystical parlance, the novice or postulant or seeker after spiritual enlightenment by means of traversing (
sulūk ) the Ṣūfī path in obedience to a spiritual director (
murs̲h̲id ,
pīr ,
s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ [
q.vv.]). The equivalent Persian term is
s̲h̲āgird , literally “pupil, apprentice”. The stages of the novice’s spiritual initiation are detailed in numerous Ṣūfī manuals and works touching on Ṣūfism, such as al-G̲h̲azālī’s
Iḥyāʾ , and the term
murīd figures in numerous titles of such works. One of the earliest manuals was the
Ādāb al-murīdīn …
Udaypūr
(110 words)
, Udaipur , the usual more recent name for the region in southwestern Rād̲j̲āsthān known in Islamic Indian times as Mēwāŕ, and the name also of its main town, actually founded in 966/1599. For this Rād̲j̲pūt state, which strenuously opposed the Muslims from the 8th/14th century onwards until its conquest by the Mug̲h̲al Akbar in the later 10th/16th century, see mēwāŕ . The subsequent Native State of Udaypūr in British India became part of the first Rajasthan Union in April 1948, and is now a District of the Rajasthan State of the Indian Union. (Ed.) …
Aḥmad b. Muḥammad
(160 words)
or maḥmūd , called muʿīn al-fuḳarāʾ , Transoxanian author of an important work on the religious leaders and saints of Buk̲h̲ārā, the
Kītāb-i Mullāzādū or
Kïtāb-i Mazārāt-i Buk̲h̲ārā…
Ḥuḳūḳ
(167 words)
, pl. of ḥaḳḳ [
q.v.], legal rights or claims, and corresponding obligations, in the religious law of Islam. One distinguishes the
ḥuḳūḳ Allāh , the rights or claims of Allāh,
e.g., the
ḥadd [
q.v.] punishments, and the
ḥuḳūḳ al-ādamiyyīn , private, and essentially civil, rights or claims. Used of things,
ḥuḳūḳ signifies the accessories necessari…
Ibn al-Rabīb
(163 words)
, Abū ʿAlī Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Tamīmī , known also under the name of al-Ḳāḍī al-Tāhartī (because he was for some time
ḳāḍī of Tāhart), philologist, poet and man of letters of Ḳayrawān, where he died in 430/1038-9. He is remembered only for a
risāla addressed to Abu ’l-Mug̲h̲īra Ibn Ḥazm [see ibn ḥazm ] in which he criticizes the Andalusians (text in Ibn Bassām,
D̲h̲ak̲h̲īra . i, 111-3; al-Maḳḳarī,
Analectes , ii, 108-9; 5- W. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb,
al-Muntak̲h̲ab al-madrasī Cairo 1944, 64-6; Eng. tr. P. de Gayangos,
The history of the
Mohammedan
dynasties in Spain, London 1840, i, 168-70…
Ahl al-Naẓar
(79 words)
, “those who apply reasoning”. This term originally denotes the Muʿtazila [
q.v.], and it is probable that they coined it themselves. It occurs in Ibn Ḳutayba,
Taʾwīl Muk̲h̲talif al-Ḥadīt̲h̲ , passim; al-Masʿudī speaks of
ahl al-baḥt̲h̲ wa ’
l-naẓar ; synonyms are
ahl al-kalām (in al-S̲h̲āfiʿī) and
al-mutakallimūn …
Idāra
(205 words)
, the common name in modern Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc. for administration. The term appears to have acquired its technical significance during the period of European influence. Muslim administration is discussed in the articles on administrative departments and services ( …
Ādarrāḳ
(365 words)
, the name of a family of Berber “physicians”, whose ancestor, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad (d. 1070/1658-60) left the Sūs and settled at Fās; he must have used completely empirical methods, but nevertheless obtained significant results. Ibn S̲h̲akrūn [
q.v. in Suppl.] was the pupil of a certain Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Ādarrāḳ, who was probably the son of the above-mentioned person, but the best-known member of the family was this Aḥmad’s son, abu muḥammad ʿabd al-wahhāb b. aḥmad (
b. ca . 1077/1666, d. 28 Ṣafar 1159/22 March 1746), who was attached to Mawlāy Ismā…