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an ostensibly serious treatise on ethics by the prolific prose-stylist Kamāl-al-dīn Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, completed in 900/1494-95. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 7, pp. 724-725 AḴLĀQ-E MOḤSENĪ (less commonly known as Jawāher al-asrār), an ostensibly serious treatise on ethics by the prolific prose-stylist Kamāl-al-dīn Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, completed in 900/1494-95 and titled after Abu’l-Moḥsen, the son of his patron Sultan Ḥosayn Mīrzā Bāyqarā. (The translation of the title as Morals of the Beneficent seems to be based on both a misunders…

a small handbook of the imagery traditionally used in Persian love poetry, by Ḥasan b. Moḥammad Šaraf-al-din Rāmi (sometimes Zāmi), d. 795/1393. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 1, pp. 76 ANĪS AL-ʿOŠŠĀQ, a small handbook of the imagery traditionally used in Persian love poetry, by Ḥasan b. Moḥammad Šaraf-al-dīn Rāmī (sometimes Zāmī), d. 795/1393. It was dedicated to the Jalayrid Shaikh Oways I (r. 757-76/1356-74). Browne’s passing reference to the date of composition as 826/1423 (L Lit. Hist. Persia III, p. 462), apparently following Ḥāǰǰī Ḵalī…

a collection of fables by the Timurid prose-stylist Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 2, pp. 140-141 ANWĀR-E SOHAYLĪ, a collection of fables by the Timurid prose-stylist Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī. Written under the patronage of Sultan Ḥosayn Mīrzā Bāyqarā, it was titled after his vizier and commander, Aḥmad Sohaylī, though there is also of course a pun on Sohayl, the brilliant star Canopus. Its precise date is uncertain, but it must be approximately contemporary with the author’s other main work, Aḵlāq-e Moḥsenī, about the end of the 9…

in early sources referred to as Saʿdī-nāma, a moralistic and anecdotal verse work consisting of some 4,100 maṯnawī couplets by Shaikh Moṣleḥ-al-Dīn Saʿdī, completed in 1257. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 573-574 BŪSTĀN, in early sources referred to as Saʿdī-nāma, a moralistic and anecdotal verse work consisting of some 4,100 maṯnawī couplets by Shaikh Moṣleḥ-al-Dīn Saʿdī, completed in 655/1257. The date is given by Saʿdī himself in his preamble, and from some indications in two verses it may be surmised that …

by Ḵᵛāǰa Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, the principal treatise in Persian on ethics, economics, and politics, first published according to the author in 633/1235. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 7, pp. 725 AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ, by Ḵᵛāǰa Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, the principal treatise in Persian on ethics, economics, and politics, first published according to the author in 633/1235. It is based, particularly in its First Discourse, on the Arabic Tahḏīb al-aḵlāq of Ebn Meskawayh (d. 421/1030); but it transcends that work both in scope and in arrangement and …

(Spring garden, Abode of spring), an anecdotal and moralistic work of belles-lettres in prose (both plain and rhythmic-rhyming) and verse, by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmī, composed in the poet’s old age, in 1487. A version of this article is available in print Volume III, Fascicle 5, pp. 479-480 BAHĀRESTĀN (Spring garden, Abode of spring, and similar renderings in various languages), occasionally referred to as Rawżat al-aḵyār wa toḥfat al-abrār (Garden of the virtuous and rare gift of the pious), is an anecdotal and moralistic work of belles-lettres in prose (both pla…

a short mystical-ethical work in Persian by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, written late in life, ca. 670/1271-72. A version of this article is available in print Volume III, Fascicle 2, pp. 122 AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF, a short mystical-ethical work in Persian by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, written late in life, ca. 670/1271-72. According to its introduction, it was composed after the Aḵlāq-e nāṣerī for Ṣāḥeb-e Dīvān Šams-al-dīn Moḥammad Jovaynī, statesman and brother of the historian ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAṭā Malek. Its genuineness is questioned by those who feel…

an “ethical” treatise in Persian by Moḥammad b. Asʿad Jalāl-al-dīn Davāni (15th century). A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 7, pp. 724 AḴLĀQ-E JALĀLĪ, also known as Lawāmeʿ al-ešrāq fī makārem al-aḵlāq, an “ethical” treatise in Persian by Moḥammad b. Asʿad Jalāl-al-dīn Davānī (Davvānī), dedicated to the Āq Qoyunlū Uzun Ḥasan and written for his son Sultan Ḵalīl. It was possibly ten years in the making (872-82/1467-77), though its character would not seem to justify so sustained an effort. It is the …

(1868-1926), British traveler, private scholar, archeoloꏂgist, sometime government servant, and a translator of Ḥāfeẓ. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 2, pp. 126-127 BELL, GERTRUDE Margaret Lowthian, 1868-1926, British traveler, private scholar, archeologist, sometime government servant, and a translator of Ḥāfeẓ, whose concern with the Middle East generally, as well as with Iran, extended over a whole third of a century from 1890 to 1925. Born in the north of England, at Washington Hall, County Durham, she was the elder child an…

eminent British Iranologist (1862-1926). i. Browne’s life and academic career. ii. Browne on Babism and Bahaism. iii. Browne and the Persian Constitutional movement. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 5, pp. 483-488 i Browne’s Life and Academic Career E. G. Browne came of a wealthy family engaged in shipbuilding. He was at first strongly dominated by his father, Sir Benjamin Browne, who sent him to the preparatory school at Glenalmond, to Eton College, and finally to Cambridge University, where he was to s…