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Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for their losses by reasserting Persia’s control over western Afghanistan. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 1, pp. 65-68 ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57). Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for their losses by reasserting Persia’s control over western Afghanistan. Attempts to bring the principality of Her…

(b. Toulouse, 29 June 1851, d. Château de Langlade, Haute-Garonne, 25 May 1916), French archeologist, explorer, folklorist, novelist, playwright, and journalist. A version of this article is available in print Volume VII, Fascicle 4, pp. 398-399 DIEULAFOY, JANE HENRIETTE MAGRE (b. Toulouse, 29 June 1851, d. Château de Langlade, Haute-Garonne, 25 May 1916), French archeologist, explorer, folklorist, novelist, playwright, and journalist. Jane was born into a wealthy and cultivated family of merchants. She studied at Couvent de l’Ass…

(k. Kūfa 686), commander of the Omayyad troops at Karbalāʾ. A version of this article is available in print Volume VIII, Fascicle 1, pp. 50-51 EBN SAʿD, ʿOMAR (k. Kūfa 66/686), commander of the Omayyad troops at Karbalāʾ. Son of the famous Arab general Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, he had just been made deputy-governor ( nāʾeb) of Ray by ʿObayd-Allāh b. Zīād (see EBN ZĪĀD) and was to go to Dastabā to quell a Daylamite rising when he was called back to check Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī’s insurrection. It was only under the threat of losing his post that he finally obeyed a…

Eugène Flandin was the son of Jean-Baptiste Flandin, an intendant in Napoléon’s armies. Little is known about his mother Marie-Agnès Durand. Eugène’s early years were linked with his father’s tumultuous career. He was only two years old when his family returned from Naples, where his father had been assigned since 1807, serving with Murat. A version of this article is available in print Volume X, Fascicle 1, pp. 35-39 FLANDIN AND COSTE, a French painter and an architect renowned for their outstanding illustrated account of their travels in Persia during 1839-41. Flandin, Eugène Napolé…

Gobineau’s father, Louis (1784-1858), a military officer, was for a time retained in Spain (1823-28), and the son’s education was left to his adventurous mother and her lover, Charles Sottin de la Coindière, who was Arthur’s private tutor. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 1, pp. 20-24 GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur de, (b. Ville-d’Avray, near Paris, 14 July 1816; d. Turin, 13 October 1882), French man of letters, artist, polemist, Orientalist, and diplomat, whose influential socio-historical and racial theories were exp…

(AMĪR-E LAŠKAR) military rank equivalent to general granted during Reżā Khan’s rise to power. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 9, pp. 965 AMĪR(-E) LAŠKAR (pl. omarā-ye laškar), military rank equivalent to general granted during Reżā Khan’s rise to power. The titles amīr-e laškar and amīr-e tūmān coexisted till the latter term was abolished with other Qajar titles in 1304 Š./1925 (ʿA. Mostawfī, Šarḥ-e zendagānī-e man yā tārīḵ-e eǰtemāʿī o edārī-e dawra-ye Qāǰārīya, Tehran, 1343 Š., II, p. 650). In 1301 Š./1922, an amīr-e laškar was head of security of…

(ʿĀQQ-E WĀLEDAYN), Ar. “[the son] disobedient to [his] parents,” a theme in popular Shiʿite literature. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 2, pp. 168 ʿĀQ[Q]-E WĀLEDAYN, Ar.: “[the son] disobedient to [his] parents,” a theme in popular Shiʿite literature. ʿĀq (popular form of ʿāqq, derived from Arabic ʿāqqa) means “disobedient or rebellious,” implying “toward father or mother;” the word is used this way in Persian literature on ethics (see Dehḵodā, s.v. ʿāq). The phrase is further explained by such expressions as ʿāq-e wāledayn šod (“his parents decla…

a bridal chamber ( ḥejla-ye ʿarusi), generally in the shape of a curtained canopy, built by a ḥejla-sāz. A version of this article is available in print Volume XII, Fascicle 2, pp. 143-144 ḤEJLA, a bridal chamber ( ḥejla-ye ʿarusi) built generally in the shape of a curtained canopy by a ḥejla-sāz (Dehḵodā, Loḡat-nāma, s.v.). A small portable ḥejla is used to commemorate the death of a young bachelor and has been connected to the legend of the betrothal of Qāsem b. Ḥasan to Imam Ḥosayn’s daughter Zobayda (also called Faṭema Kobrā) at Karbalā, just before his martyrdom. Such ḥejlas could be car…

(b. ca. 648), Omayyad governor responsible for the death of the Imam Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī. A version of this article is available in print Volume VIII, Fascicle 1, pp. 60 EBN ZĪĀD, ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH (b. ca. 28/648), Omayyad governor responsible for the death of the Imam Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī. He was the son of Zīād b. Abīh, a favorite of Moʿāwīa, and a Persian slave called Marjāna. He was given the governorship of Khorasan in 54/673 at the age of twenty-five, and soon afterward, he was appointed governor of Baṣra, where he subdued Kharijite unr…

half brother of Imam Ḥosayn, who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā. According to most traditions, he was killed on the day of ʿĀšurā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680) while trying to bring back water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl-e Bayt (holy family). A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 1, pp. 77-79 ʿABBĀS B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, a half brother of Imam Ḥosayn who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā. ʿAbbās was killed, according to most traditions, on the day of ʿĀšūrā (10 Moḥarram…

(1807-9), a diplomatic and military project between France and Persia which represented Napoleon’s last attempt to realize his Oriental ambitions. From late 1795, Persia became part of French projects against British India. From the renewal of Franco-Ottoman relations (June 1802), he sought information on Persia. A version of this article is available in print Volume X, Fascicle 3, pp. 292-297 GARDANE MISSION (1807-9), a diplomatic and military project between France and Persia which represented Napoleon’s last attempt to realize his Oriental ambitions. F…

grand vizier under the last three Qajar kings. A version of this article is available in print Volume II, Fascicle 8, pp. 878-890 ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM, MĪRZĀ ʿALĪ-AṢḠAR KHAN AMĪN-AL- SOLṬĀN, grand vizier under the last three Qajar kings. The Qajar title Atābak-e Aʿẓam, reminiscent of Saljuq titulatures, was conferred on two prominent statesmen: Mīrzā Taqī Khan Amīr(-e) Neẓām Amīr(-e) Kabīr (q.v.) and Mīrzā ʿAlī-Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān. It was also conferred upon the unpopular Solṭān ʿAbd-al-Maǰīd Mīrzā ʿAyn-al-dawla who, howeve…

Imam Ḥosayn’s eldest son, killed at the age of 18, 19, or 25 at the battle of Karbalā on the day of ʿĀšūrā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680). A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 8, pp. 855-856 ʿALĪ AKBAR, Imam Ḥosayn’s eldest son, killed at the age of 18, 19, or 25 at the battle of Karbalā on the day of ʿĀšūrā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680). According to most historical sources, ʿAlī Akbar was the first of the Talebites to go out to the battle-field and be killed (Ṭabarī, II, pp. 356ff.; Dīnavarī, al-Aḵbār al-ṭewāl, Cairo, 1330/1912, p. 254; Mofīd, al-Eršād, Tehran, 1377…

(Trustee in Presence), an official title under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah whose successive administrative reorganizations after 1858 led to a multiplication of offices, particularly in the royal household. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 9, pp. 945-946 AMĪN(-E) ḤOŻŪR (Trustee in Presence), an official title under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah whose successive administrative reorganizations after 1858 led to a multiplication of offices, particularly in the royal household where laqabs in ḥażrat, ḥożūr, and ḵalwat became frequent (see Alqāb). In 1284/1867-68, the l…

(Trustee of the Army), Qajar title held by Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh and Mīrzā Qahramān under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 9, pp. 947 AMĪN(-E) LAŠKAR (Trustee of the Army), Qajar title held by Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh and Mīrzā Qahramān (see below) under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah. In 1271/1854-55, Mīrzā Āqā Khan Nūrī, the prime minister, reluctantly put Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh, the then amīn-e laškar, in charge of the Wezārat-e Laškar (Ministry of the Army), only to replace him a year later by his own fifteen-year-old son, Dāvūd K…

eldest son of Āqā Ebrāhīm Amīn-al-solṭān who succeeded his father as Head of the royal pantry ( ābdār-bašī), which allowed him to accompany Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah in all his travels in Iran and abroad. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 9, pp. 945 AMĪN(-E) ḤAŻRAT, ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ, the eldest son of Āqā Ebrāhīm Amīn-al-solṭān and the half-brother of Mīrzā ʿAlī-Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān. He succeeded his father as Head of the royal pantry ( ābdār-bašī) which made him accompany Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah in all his travels in Iran and abroad (Mīrzā ʿAlī K…

(b. 30 August 1804, in Krzywicze, Poland in the Russian Empire [the city is now in Belarus], d. Noisy-le-Sec, near Paris, 19 December 1891), Polish poet and diplomat, the first European scholar to work on Persian folklore. A version of this article is available in print Volume V, Fascicle 5, pp. 502-504 CHODŹKO, ALEKSANDER BOREJKO (b. 30 August 1804, in Krzywicze, Poland in the Russian Empire [the city is now in Belarus], d. Noisy-le-Sec, near Paris, 19 December 1891), Polish poet and diplomat, the first European scholar to work on Persian folklo…

(1818-96), Rusꏂsian orientalist known for his works on Iranian, Arabic, and Turkish philology and dialectology and on Mongol history, and for his travel acꏂcounts. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 2, pp. 163-164 BEREZIN, IL’YA NIKOLAEVICH (1818-96), Russian orientalist known for his works on Iranian, Arabic, and Turkish philology and dialectology and on Mongol history (mainly on Rašīd-al-Dīn) and for his travel accounts of Transcaucasia and northern Persia. He was born to a government official, at Y…

village near Qom, located 6 km south of it on the Qom-Kashan highway. It includes the mazraʿas of Gorgābi (Hādi-Mehdi) and Zangābād, the ruins of Gabri castle, and the Jamkarān or Ṣāḥeb-al-Zamān mosque. JAMKARĀN, a village near Qom, located 6 km south of it on the Qom-Kashan highway. It includes the mazraʿas of Gorgābi (Hādi-Mehdi) and Zangābād, the ruins of Gabri castle, and the Jamkarān or Ṣāḥeb-al-Zamān mosque (Razmārā, I, p. 54; Eʿtemād-al-Salṭana, p. 2256; Nāṣer-al-Šariʿa, p. 162; Faqihi, p. 219). The twin emazādas Hādi-Mehdi at Gorgābi are united into a single building. …

(1842-1926), Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah’s personal physician (1889-1892), author of Trois ans à la cour de Perse, with engravings from photographs in the collections of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah and his retinue, Feuvrier’s own drawings, and Persian contemporary paintings. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 6, pp. 569-571 FEUVRIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE, called Joannès (b. Saulx, near Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, 6 October 1842; d. Saulx, 29 November 1926; Figure 1), French military physician, Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah’s personal physician from A…