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[German version] [1] Port in Gedrosia (Μουσάρνα; Mousárna). Port in Gedrosia, visited by Nearchus [2] (Arr. Ind. 26,10-27,2). He found a pilot here who was able to guide the fleet as far as Carmania. According to Ptol. Geog. 6,8,9, M. was the easternmost settlement of Carmania, west of the Gedrosian frontier. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) [German version] [2] Settlement at Viterbo The civitas of M. is generally identified with a small, late Etruscan settlement discovered in 1849 on the Poggio della Civita, 10 km west of Viterbo. French excavations undertake…

(Καμάρα; Kamára). [German version] [1] Harbour settlement in eastern Crete Harbour settlement in eastern Crete, originally Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς or ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierocles, Synekdemos 650,1), modern Agios Nikolaos. Close political links with  Lato [1. no. 72, p. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [German version] [2] Empórion on India's south-eastern coast According to Peripl. M. Rubr. 60, an   empórion …

[German version] [1] A Muse (Greek Καλλιόπη, Καλλιόπεια; Kalliópē, Kalliópeia; Lat. Calliopa; on the etymology Diod. Sic. 4.3). Of the nine  Muses (Hes. Theog. 79), C. is mentioned most often and is particularly depicted on an individual level. She was originally the Muse of epic poetry honouring warfare, but later, in a paradoxical turnaround, of the ‘peaceful’ Roman love elegy (Prop. 3.3) or of lofty poetry in general (Ov. Tr. 2, 568). C. is considered the patroness of poetry and, among others, is appe…

(Φηγεύς; Phēgeús). [German version] [1] Son of Alpheius Son of Alpheius [2] (Hyg. Fab. 244), brother of Phoroneus; mythological king of Phegea in Arcadia, which was later called Psophis (Steph. Byz. s.v. Φηγεία; Paus. 8,24,2). He expiated the sin of Alcmaeon [1], who had killed his own mother, and married him to his daughter Alphesiboea (different name: Arsinoe [I 3]). However, Alcmaeon had to move on and then married Achelous' [2] daughter Callirhoe [2], for whom Alcmaeon deceitfully robbed P. of Harmo…

[English version] (Γάγγης, sanskr. Gaṅga). Der größte Fluß Indiens, seit dem Alexanderzug (Alexandros [4], mit Karte) im Westen bekannt (Arr. an. 5,4,1; 5,6,7; 5,9,4; 5,26,1; Curt. 8,9,5 u.ö.), wenn nicht schon bei Ktesias (bei Plin. nat. 37,39). In frühhell. Zeit wurde sein ganzer Lauf vermessen und mit 10000 Stadien berechnet (Strab. 15,689). Seine Quelle lag nach Strab. 15,719 in den Ēmōdá órē (Himalaya). Von Ptolemaios wird der G. mehrfach erwähnt (7,1,29; 30; 42; 51 Nobbe u.ö.), das Delta mit fünf Armen beschrieben (7,1,18) und auch der Gangētikós kólpos (Bengalische Meerbuse…

(Εὔδαμος; Eúdamos). [German version] [1] Macedonian general under Alexander the Gr. Macedonian general ( dux Thracium in Curt. 10,1,21), appointed in 323 BC by Alexander [4] the Great as military commander together with Taxiles (Arr. Anab. 6,27,2). He slew Porus and took 120 elephants west when he followed the call of Eumenes [1] together with other eastern satraps in 317 BC (Diod. Sic. 19,14). He fought under Eumenes and was killed together with him by Antigonus [1] (Diod. Sic. 19,27-44). According to Bernard…

[German version] [1] Indian prince of the Patalii Indian prince of the Patalii at the mouth of the Indus, a companion of Alexander [4] (Curt. 9,8,28). The name M. is said to have been derived from Maurya [1. 25-27], but this is extremely unlikely. India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 P.H.L. Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan, 1975, 25-27. [German version] [2] Grammarian and lexicographer, 2nd/3rd cent.? (Μοῖρις; Moîris). Greek grammarian and lexicographer of the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. AD. Author of an alphabetically ordere…

[German version] (Γάγγης; Gángēs, Sanskrit Gaṅga). The largest river in India, known to the west (Arr. Anab. 5,4,1; 5,6,7; 5,9,4; 5,26,1; Curt. 8,9,5, et passim) since Alexander's campaign ( Alexander [4], with map), if not already in Ktesias (in Plin. HN 37,39). Its length was measured in the early Hellenistic period and calculated to be 10,000 stadia (Str. 15,689). According to Str. 15,719 its source lay in the Ēmōdá órē (Himalaya). The G. is mentioned several times by Ptolemy (7,1,29; 30; 42; 51 Nobbe, et passim), its delta described as having five arms (7,1,18), and also the Gangētikós…

(Ἰνδός; Indós). [German version] [1] The Indus The River Indus. Probably from Old Indian Sindhu (for the etymology cf.  India); the Indian name is better attested as Sindus in Plin. HN 6,71, than Σίνθος; Sínthos in Peripl. m.r. 38; 40 and as Σίνδων/Σίνθων; Síndōn/ Sínthōn in Ptol. 7,1,2 (here a branch of the delta). According to general Greek opinion (with the exception of  Megasthenes), the I. is the largest river in India, known to the Greeks since the end of the 6th cent. BC (Scylax in Hdt. 4,44). The lower reaches for instance downstr…

(τὰ Κάρουρα; tà Károura). [German version] [1] City in SW Asia Minor Town in south-western Asia Minor on the upper course of the  Maeander at the border between Caria and Phrygia (Str. 12,8,17; 14,2,29), near the modern Sarayköy. Thanks to its hot springs, C. was an ancient health resort; a medical school (in the tradition of  Herophilus [1]) was based near the sanctuary of Men Karu (Str. 12,8,20), halfway between C. and Laodicea [4] (2nd/1st cents. BC). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography Miller, 726 W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 1890, 49 Ramsay 1, 164; 16…

[English version] [1] griech. Personifikation des Auswegs und des Reichtums (Πόρος). Personifikation des Auswegs und des Reichtums. Sohn der Metis. Nach dem Götterfestmahl zu Aphrodites Geburtstag liegt P. berauscht im Zeusgarten; Penia (Armut) nähert sich ihm und wünscht sich ein Kind von ihm. Aus dieser Verbindung geht Eros [1] hervor (Plat. symp. 203b; Lyd. mens. 4,154). Im christl. Kontext (Eus. Pr. Ev. 12,11) steht der Zeusgarten als Sinnbild für das Paradies, Penia für die böse Schlange und P. für den Menschen an sich. Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [English version] [2] Att. Par…

(Ἀκεσίνης). [English version] [1] Fluß in Sicilia Fluß in Sicilia (Thuk. 4,25,8 Ἀχεσίνης, Plin. nat. 3,88 Asines), der h. Alcantara, der nördl. von Randazzo entspringt und am Nordfuß der Aitne [1] entlangfließt [2. 137] und südl. von Naxos in den Ionios Kolpos mündet, identisch mit Assinos (als gehörnter Jünglingskopf auf dem Av. einer Mz. aus Naxos dargestellt, Legende ΑΣΣΙΝΟΣ [1. 65 f., 93 f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 H. A. Cahn, Die Mz. der sizilischen Stadt Naxos, 1944 2 G. Manganaro, Per una storia della “chora Katanaia”, in: E. Olshausen, H.…

(Πολύξενος, “der Gästereiche”). [English version] [1] Beiname des Hades Dichterisches Beiwort des Gottes der Unterwelt (Hades, Pluton): Aischyl. Suppl. 156 f. etc. (vgl. Polydektes [2]). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [English version] [2] myth. König von Elis Mythischer König von Elis; verwahrt die dem Elektryon geraubten Rinder; Amphitryon löst sie aus und erhält dafür Elektryons Tochter Alkmene (Apollod. 2,55 f.; schol. Lykophr. 932). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [English version] [3] myth. König von Elis Mythischer König von Elis, Enkel des Augeias; Freier der Helene [1] (Apollod.…

[English version] [1] Makedon. König (Ende 6. Jh. v. Chr.) Erster histor. faßbarer König von Makedonien, Gastfreund der Peisistratidai. Bei Dareios' Erscheinen in Europa wurde er sein Vasall-Satrap und mit Gebietserweiterung und der Vermählung seiner Tochter mit einem Mitglied der Achaimenidai belohnt. Sein Sohn Alexandros [2] erfand eine romanhafte Gesch. (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), um das den Griechen annehmbar zu machen. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff.  E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (Hrsg.), Greek Historiography, 1994, …

[English version] [1] att. Dichter der Alten Komödie Att. Dichter der Alten Komödie, der nach dem Zeugnis der Suda fünf Stücke verfaßt hat (Δαλίς, Δανάη, Ἰφιγέπων, Κένταυροι, Κρῆτες [1. test. 1], welche alle bis auf ganz geringe Reste verloren sind. Auf der inschr. Liste der Lenäensieger figuriert A. zwischen Nikophon und Ameipsias [1. test. 3]. Hidber, Thomas (Bern) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 518-523. [English version] [2] Leibarzt von Antiochos III., E. 2. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des A. von Seleukeia, Leibarzt ( archiatrós) und tropheús von Antiochos III.; einflußreiches Mitglied d…

(Ἀμύντας; Amýntas). [German version] [1] Macedonian king (end of 6th cent. BC) First historically verifiable king of Macedonia, friend of the  Peisistratids. Upon Darius' appearance in Europe he became his vassal-satrap and was rewarded with an expansion of his territory and the marriage of his daughter to a member of the  Achaemenids. His son  Alexander [2] invented a novelistic history (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), in order to make this credible for the Greeks. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff. E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (ed.), G…

(Πολύξενος/ Polýxenos, 'he who has many guests'). [German version] [1] Sobriquet for Hades Poetic epithet for the god of the underworld (Hades, Pluto): Aesch. Supp. 156 f. etc. (cf. Polydectes [2]). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical king of Elis Mythical king of Elis; holds in safekeeping the cattle stolen from Electryon; Amphitryon releases them and receives Electryon's daughter Alcmene in return (Apollod. 2,55 f.; Schol. Lycoph. 932). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] Mythical king of Elis Mythical king of Elis, grandson of Augeias; suitor of Helen…

(Πανταλέων/ Pantaléōn). [German version] [1] King of the Pisates, middle of the 7th cent. BC Son of Omphalion, king of the Pisates (middle of the 7th cent. BC); P.'s rule may have been perceived as tyranny already in his own lifetime (cf. Paus. 6,21,1). He temporarily wrested the organisation of the Olympic Games from the Eleians (Olympia IV.; Paus. 6,22,2) [1. 220f.]. His support of the Messenians in the second of the Messenian Wars (Str. 8,4,10) is a later invention [2. 153f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 L. de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis, 1996 2 K. Tausend, Amphikty…

(Τήλεφος /Tḗlephos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Auge Son of Heracles [1] and Auge [2] (Hes. fr. 165,8-10 M./W.). There are two legendary versions of his youth. According to one version (probably in essence epic, but also assumed by Euripides [1] in his T.), Auge of Tegea, a priestess of Athena, was made pregnant by Heracles [1], gave birth to T. and hid him in the sanctuary. When, as a consequence of this, the goddess imposed a famine and the child was discovered, Auge's father Aleus [1] had the child exposed (Exposure, myths…

(Πανταλέων). [English version] [1] König der Pisaten, Mitte 7. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Omphalion, König der Pisaten (Mitte 7. Jh.v.Chr.); P.s Herrschaft wurde möglicherweise schon zu seinen Lebzeiten als Tyrannis empfunden (vgl. Paus. 6,21,1). Er entriß den Eleern kurzfristig die Leitung der Olympischen Spiele (Olympia IV.; Paus. 6,22,2) [1. 220f.]. Seine Unterstützung der Messenier im 2. Messenischen Krieg (Strab. 8,4,10) ist spätere Erfindung [2. 153f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 L. de Libero, Die archa. Tyrannis, 1996 2 K. Tausend, Amphiktyonie und Symm…