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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Graeco-Baktrien (Σάγγαλα). Hauptstadt und Fort der indischen Kathaioi im Pandschab, östl. von Hydraotes (h. Irāvatī). Die Stadt wurde von Alexandros [4] d.Gr. 326 nach heftigem Kampf erobert und vernichtet (Arr. an. 5,22-24, Polyain. 4,3,30). Karttunen, Klaus Bibliography…

[English version] (Ταπροβάνη). Der gebräuchlichste Name der Insel Sri Lanka seit Onesikritos (bei Strab. 15,1,17 und Plin. nat. 6,81) und Megasthenes (Plin. nat. 6, 81), altindisch Tāmraparṇi, mittelind. Tambapaṇṇi. Bemerkenswert sind die unrealistischen geogr. Vorstellungen der Ant., die wahrscheinlich auf Eratosthenes [2] beruhen: In allen griech. und lat. Quellen ist T. viel größer als in Wirklic…

[English version] (Ζάραδρος, hsl. auch Ζάδαδρος). Indischer Fluß bei Ptol. 7,1,27 und 42; Sydrus bei Plin. nat. 6,21,63; altind. Śutudrī (im Veda), Śatadru (episch), h. Sutlej, der östlichste Nebenfluß des Indos [1] im Pandschab. Der Fluß entspringt im West-Himalaya, fließt durch die Landschaft Kylindrene und dann in den Indos. Als östlichster seiner Nebenflüsse wurde er von Alexandros [4] d.Gr. nicht bemerkt und deshalb nicht in der Alexander-Lit. genannt.…

[English version] (Θράσων). Indogriech. König im Pandschab etwa am Beginn des 1. Jh. v. Chr., nur durch eine einzige Mz. belegt, mittelindisch Thrasa. Karttunen, Klaus Bibliography Bopearachchi, 106 f.; 310.

[English version] (altindisch; frühmittelind. yona, yonaka; später auch joṉa). Der ind. Name für die Griechen (höchstwahrscheinlich von altpersisch yauna) bezeichnete urspr. die Iones. Die frühesten Belege stammen etwa aus dem 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr. (beim Grammatiker Pāṉini und König Aśoka), im Mahābhārata wurden damit vielleicht …

[English version] (Σωπείθης). Indischer König im Pandschab östlich der Kathaioi, mit Alexandros [4] verbündet (Arr. an. 6,2,2; Strab. 15,1,30; Diod. 17,91; Curt. 9,1, 24-30). Sein Land wird sehr positiv, teilweise idealisiert beschrieben. Bes. oft erwähnt werden die kühnen Hunde, die er dem Alexandros schenkte. Die alte Gleichsetzung des S. mit altind. Saubhūti ist ganz unsicher, und die mit dem Fürsten Sophytes (nur numismatisch belegt) ist sicher verfehlt [1. 60-72]. Karttu…

[English version] (Ταξίλης). König von Taxila, der eine weite und fruchtbare Ebene zw. Indus und Hydaspes beherrschte; seine Nachbarn waren Abisares im Norden und Poros [3] im Osten. Schon sein Vater hatte sich brieflich mit Alexandros [4] verbündet (Diod. 17,86,4; Curt. 8,12,4 f.; s. auch Arr. an. 4,22,6), und der junge König genehmigte den Bund, als Alexandros im Frühling 326 v. Chr. einige Zeit bei ihm als Gast verweilte (Arr. an. 5,3,5 f.; 5,8,2 f.; Diod. 17,86,4-7; Plut. Alexandros 59; Strab.…

Date of Birth: 20 September 1818 Place of Birth: Pori, western Finland Date of Death: 13 February 1872 Place of Death: Hämeenlinna, southern Finland BiographyGustaf Eurén was a many-sided linguist, historian, journalist and populariser, who spent his career teaching Hebrew, Greek and history at high schools (gymnasium) in Turku and Hämeenlinna. Born in 1818, he studied at Helsinki University, graduating in 1844. His extensive literary output includes a Hebrew grammar, two studies about ancient Jewish customs, a selection of the Arabian nights translated from European versions, several Finnish language textbooks and a Finnish-Swedish dictionary. He was no scholar, and freely used the works of others, to the…

'The life and teaching of Muḥammad' Gustaf Erik Eurén Date: 1856 Original Language: Finnish DescriptionIn the mid-19th century, an objective presentation of Islam was something unheard of in a strictly Lutheran country such as Finland. This book was published cautiously, with the name of its author omitted. In fact, Eurén had no special knowledge of the subject and therefore must have compiled it from Swedish or German sources. …

Date of Birth: 11 December 1758 Place of Birth: Gunnilbo, Västmanland, Sweden Date of Death: 18 September 1834 Place of Death: Stora Tuna, Dalarna, Sweden BiographyBorn in 1758, Pehr Malmström studied at Uppsala University, gaining his MA in 1785, and became docent (lecturer) in practical philosophy there. He moved on to become professor of sacred languages (Hebrew and Greek) at the University of Turku in Finland from 1789 to 1795. Besides Hebrew and Greek, he eventually established the teaching of Arabic at the university but he was not happy there, and sought a position …

‘Babylon the great is fallen’ Enevald Svenonius Date: 1669 Original Language: Latin Description Babylon magna ruens is the first part in Enevald Svenonius’ large theological work in which he attempts to refute all doctrines that deviate from orthodox Lutheran Christianity. It was printed by the University of Turku in 1669, with the title Babylon magna ruens, Apoc. 18: 2.19, sue vox clamantis in aquilone adversus AntiChristum occidentalem (‘Babylon the Great is fallen, Rev. 18:2.19, or the voice of one crying in the north, against the western Antichrist’). Originally published as …

[English version] Landschaft (Σουαστηνή/ Suastēnḗ bei Ptol. 7,1,42) um den gleichnamigen Nebenfluß (griech. Σό(υ)αστος/ Só(u)astos, altindisch Suvāstu) des Kabul-Flusses im h. NW Pakistans. Das Land wu…

Rucouskiria Bibliasta'Prayer Book from the Bible' Michael Agricola Date: 1544 Original Language: Finnish Description This most original among the works of Agricola was mainly intended for priests so that they could conduct services in Finnish (its full title is Rucouskiria Bibliasta, se on, molemista Testamentista, Messuramatusta, ia muusta monesta, jotca toysella polella Luetellan, cokoonpoymettu Somen Turussa, 'Prayer Book from the Bible, i.e. put together from both Testaments, Missal [Aboense] and many others, listed on the other side, in Turku o…

‘Philosophical dissertation [consisting] of miscellaneous theses’ Petrus Laurentii Laurbecchius Date: 1684 Original Language: Latin Description Dissertatio philosophica theorematum miscellaneorum is a collection of separate theses, four of which are developed while a dozen are stated only briefly. It was printed by Turku University, at the expense of the student who was to defend the theses at a public examination, an event that took place at the Turku Royal Academy on 6 December 1684. Petrus Laurbecchius, as a professor at the Academy, wrote the Dissertatio in Latin for the purpose of ‘dissertationes pro exercitio’, part of the dialectical training of his student, Christiernus Samuelis Frisius. This was the usual practice in Helsinki until the 19th century. The little fascicle contains 15 unnumbered pages. Of the long theses, the two final ones, both erroneously numbered ‘III’, deal with Turkey and Islam. It is possible that the Frisius whose name appears on the title page, died in 1693/4. He was the vicar of Ruovesi in central Finland.  The third thesis (pp. 8-11) has the heading  Regnum Turcarum non est monarchia seu summum in mundo imperium (‘The kingdom of the Turks is not a monar…

Date of Birth: 30 January 1793 Place of Birth: Akaa, Finland Date of Death: 23 May 1874 Place of Death: Helsinki BiographyThe son of a modest clergyman from Tavastia, Ivar Ulrik Wallenius gained his MA at Turku in 1815, and was appointed to work in the university library. Then, from 1824 to 1852, he was a lecturer in Oriental literature, initially in Turku, then in Helsinki, after the university moved to the new capital in 1828. He seems to have been a very learned, but also a shy and reticent man, who remained unmarried and is hardly ever mentioned in contemporary memoirs.…

Biography Michael Agricola, reformer, bishop and father of the Finnish literary language, was the son of a wealthy farmer. After school in Viipuri and Turku, he was ordained priest and became an assistant to Bish…

Biography Enevald Svenonius was born in Småland, Sweden, in 1617. After attending school in Kalmar and Växjö, in 1640 he followed his teacher and future father-in-law, Michael Wexio­nius, to the recently founded University of Turku. He was awarded his MA in 1647 and started teaching. In 1648-50 he studied Semitic languages at Uppsala, and then theology at Wittenberg under Abraham Calovius in 1651-4. In 1654, he toured central Europe for six months, briefly visiting no fewer than 28 universities. …

Petrus Laurentii Laurbecchius Date of Birth: 10 August 1628 Place of Birth: Gammalkil, Östergötland Date of Death: 16 April 1705 Place of Death: Vyborg, eastern Finland (present-day Russia) BiographyBorn in Sweden in 1628, Petrus Laurbecchius studied in Turku, Finland, completing his MA in 1661. His career at the Academia Aboensia (Royal Academy of Turku) followed a path typical of the times, passing through a range of fields, but ending in theology. Thus, he was professor of mathematics from 1666 to 1668, then of (Latin) …

‘A sample of the Qur’an in Arabic and Latin’ Pehr Malmström Date: 1793-4 Original Language: Arabic and Latin Description Specimen Alcorani arabice et latine comprises two fascicules, together 28 pages long, and gives the text of the Qur’an up to Q 2:48. In the preface, Malmström proudly announces his intention to publish the whole Qur’an, but his plan was interrupted when he moved to Stockholm. The text was based on printed editions and the two manuscripts of the Qur’an that were held in Turku, one bought in Central Europe by Bishop Johan Gezelius the Younger (1647-1718) and donated to the university in 1691, and the other from the library of Carl …

‘Works’ Georg August Wallin Date: Before 1852 Original Language: Swedish DescriptionDuring his t…