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[German version] Bearer of a Germanic name; attested as comes et magister utriusque militiae per Orientem from AD 383 to 387; a proponent of euergetism in Antioch. Together with  Caesarius [3], in 387 conducted the investigations after the Antioch statue revolt.  Libanius thanked him with a panegyric for having achieved lenient actions (Or. 22). H. corresponded with Libanius (Ep. 2; 868; 884; 898; 925) and  Gregorius [3] of Nazianzus (Ep. 225). Probably a Christian [1]. (PLRE 1,277f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling 265-267.

I. Principal types [German version] A. Greece Fundamental to Greek spectator events was the distinction between gymnic, hippic and musical agons (Competitions, artistic). All games emerged from cult, whether of the dead or of the gods. They remained connected with the cult and took place in conjunction with festivals (Festivals, ‘Festival culture’). The presentation of gymnic and hippic games (e.g. chariot races, Hom. Il. 23,257-538; Sports festivals), and of choral agons (Hom. Od. 8,256-366) is already found in Homer. Hesiod attests to a musical agon (Hes. Op. 650-659). In the Arc…

[German version] [1] See Galla [3] Placidia See Galla [3] Placidia. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Relative of the imperial family (5th cent. AD) Younger daughter of Valentinianus [4] III and Eudoxia [2], b. AD 441/2. First betrothed to the son of Aetius [5], Petronius Maximus [II 8] apparently forced her into a marriage with his son ([2. 180f.]). In 455, she was taken hostage by the Vandals as they overran Rome; she was released to Constantinople in 462. Probably already married to Anicius [II 15] Olyb…

[German version] Flavius C., in 420/21 worked as a comes domesticus in Gaul; in 422 as mag. militum of the  Honorius he unsuccessfully fought the Vandals at the Baetica, he fell out with  Bonifatius who evaded him and went to Africa. In 423 C. probably supported the usurpation of  Iohannes and remained in office, becoming cos. in 424 but achieving no recognition in the East [1. 383]. Later C. fled -- supposedly to Africa (PLRE 2, 269f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Bagnall.

[German version] (Φαλέας; Phaléas) of Chalcedon. Greek thinker (5th cent. or 1st half of the 4th cent. BC) who concerned himself with polis structures but should probably not be regarded as one of the Sophists. On the basis of the little information that Aristotle [6] (Pol. 2,7,1266a 39-1267b 21; 1274b 9; cf. Diels/Kranz 39,1) provides in a polemical and perhaps distorted form, P. (neglecting warfare) developed a highly differentiated concept of the polis based on the idea - allegedly formulated by…

[German version] (στρατιωτικά, pl. = stratiōtiká, στρατιωτικόν, sing. = stratiōtikón). The stratiotika were financial resources available for military purposes in the city of Athens from a fund (the stratiotikon) which was historically closely connected with the development of the festival fund ( theōrikón ). The stratiotikon probably served the flexible management of expenditure in times of war, freeing it from the rigidity of the usual system for distributing tax incomes ( merismós). The stratiotikon may also have served as a counterweight to the theorikon. The first pieces o…

[German version] Collection, now dispersed but at the time comprising 61 items, of non-literary Latin texts on papyrus from the period AD 433 - c. 700, the predominant majority of which probably belonged to an archive in Ravenna. The RP are an important source for the social, economic and administrative history of Italy in the transition period from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography J.-O. Tjäder, Die nicht-literarischen Papyri Italiens aus der Zeit 445-700, 2 vols., 1955, 1982  Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer. FS zum 100j. Bestehen der Papyrus-Sa…

[German version] [1] Consul 367 AD Assigned to Iulianus [11] as Magister Equitum per Gallias, L. fought against the Alamanni in AD 359 and against the Scots and Picts in 360. L. was imprisoned by Julian as a potential opponent. Iovianus made him mag. equitum per Orientem in 363. In 365/6 in this office he was involved in the suppression of the usurpation of Procopius against Valens. In 367 Consul. Christ. PLRE 1520f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Comes rei militaris per Thracias in 377 AD Product of the schola gentilium, in AD 377 comes rei militaris per Thracias. L. drove t…

[German version] Monk from Alexandria who lived in around AD 400. Following on from Sextus Iulius Africanus and Eusebius [7], both of whose works he also revised, he wrote a history of the world, the influence of which is evident in George Syncellus [2], although there is disagreement as to its precise significance. P. was particularly interested in questions concerning the dating of events. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography W. Adler, Time Immemorial, 1989, 72ff.

[German version] Decimius Hilarianus H., son of  Ausonius. One of those family members who profited from Ausonius' proximity to emperor  Gratianus [2]. In AD 376/7 documented as proconsul Africae and 377-380 as Praetorian Prefect in the West with varying jurisdiction. Corresponded with Symmachus (Epist. 1,75-88). Epist. 19/20 Mondin (= 16/18 Prete) by Ausonius are addressed to him. Probably a Christian [1]. PLRE 1,427f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling, 298f.

[German version] Of Germanic descent; tribunus scutariorum in AD 350.; a follower of  Vetranio, whom he betrayed to  Constantius [2] II. In 360 magister militum of the emperor  Iulianus; when the emperor removed him from office in the following spring, G. switched his allegiance to Constantius II. In 365/366, G. served as magister militum of the usurper  Procopius, in whose defeat G.'s switch of allegiance to  Valens played a decisive part. PLRE 1, 397f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] Franc, mag. militum of  Constantinus [3] III, whom he freed from Valencia in AD 407. E. tried to win the Germani as allies. During his attempt to relieve the usurper who was besieged in Arelate, he was defeated by  Constantius [6] III and Ulfila, and was killed while attempting to escape in 411. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] [1] [1] Vettius Agorius Basilius M. cos. AD 527, Consul AD 527. M. lived in the Ostrogoth kingdom and played an important role for the transmission of literary texts. He is attested as an editor of Horace and Prudentius. He probably wrote the Iudicium Paridis (Anth. Lat. 1,10), perhaps also the Cento de ecclesiis (Anth. Lat. 1,16). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography PLRE 2, 736f. [German version] [2] see Lollianus [7] see Lollianus [7]

[German version] Belonged to the circle associated with Symmachus, with whom he corresponded (Symmachus, Ep. 5,17-33). Governor of Liguria; in AD 391-393 vicarius in Africa, then indicted and acquitted; attested until 396 but no longer in an office, probably not a Christian. PLRE 1, 533. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

(Εύδοξία; Eudoxía) [German version] [1] Wife of Arcadius, see Aelia [4] Wife of Arcadius, Augusta from AD 400 onwards; see  Aelia [4]. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Licinia E. Wife of Valentinianus III and Augusta Born in AD 422; daughter of  Theodosius II and  Eudocia [1]. From 424 engaged to be married to  Valentinianus III , from 437 married. Two daughters:  Eudocia [2] and  Placidia. 439 Augusta. Promoted the building of churches in Rome. It is hard to judge the extent of her influence on the court but presu…

[English version] (Auch delicia, bes. auf Inschr. [2]; vgl. aber [1. 2437]; s. auch Plut. Anton. 59,4, delicium, delicati). Kinder zumeist unfreier Herkunft, die vor allem während der Kaiserzeit - der pupulus von Catull. 56,5 dürfte indessen schon in diesem Sinne zu verstehen sein - in reichen Haushalten zur Unterhaltung ihrer Besitzer lebten und im paedagogium aufgezogen wurden. Bes. ihre garrulitas, kecke Geschwätzigkeit, wurde geschätzt (Suet. Aug. 83; Sen. de constantia sapientis 11,3; Stat. silv. 2,1,45). Bevorzugt wurden schöne, bartlose und langh…

[English version] [1] Iulius M. Kaiser im Westen 457-461 n. Chr. 457-461 n.Chr. Kaiser im Westen. Er diente unter Aetius [2] in Gallien, zog sich auf seine Güter zurück und war dann wohl als comes domesticorum zumindest bei Valentinianus III. tätig. Mit Ricimer führte er den Sturz des Avitus [1] herbei. Vom oström. Kaiser zum Heermeister ernannt, wurde er am 28. Dez. 457 zum Augustus ausgerufen (zum Datum [1. 180-188]; gegen stufenweise Ernennung [1. 185f.]); er betonte seine Unterstützung durch Senat und Heer, wurde aber vom Os…

[English version] Flavius C., 420/21 als comes domesticus in Gallien tätig; kämpft 422 als mag. militum des Honorius in der Baetica erfolglos gegen Vandalen, überwirft sich mit Bonifatius, der nach Africa ausweicht. 423 unterstützt C. wohl die Usurpation des Johannes und verbleibt in seinem Amt, wird 424 cos., findet aber im Osten keine Anerkennung [1. 383]. Später flieht C. angeblich nach Africa (PLRE 2, 269f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Bagnall.

[English version] Mönch aus Alexandreia, lebte um 400 n.Chr. Verfaßte im Anschluß an Sextus Iulius Africanus und Eusebios [7], die er auch verbesserte, eine Weltchronik, deren Spuren bei Georgios Synkellos erkennbar sind, deren genaues Gewicht aber strittig ist. Er besaß ein ausgeprägtes Interesse an Datierungsfragen. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography W. Adler, Time Immemorial, 1989, 72ff.

[English version] [1] s. Aelia [4] Gattin des Arcadius, seit 400 n.Chr. Augusta; s. Aelia [4]. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [2] Licinia E. Frau Valentinianus' III. und Augusta * 422 n.Chr. Tochter Theodosius' II. und Eudokias [1]. Seit 424 mit Valentinianus III. verlobt, seit 437 verheiratet. Zwei Töchter: Eudokia [2] und Placidia. 439 Augusta. Förderte den Kirchenbau in Rom. Ihr Einfluß am Hof ist schwer zu beurteilen, vermutlich dominierte ihre Schwiegermutter Galla [3] Placidia. Papst Leo der Gr. brachte …