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the provincial council ( anjoman) of Tabriz, organized during the early phase of the Constitutional Revolution, in 1324/1906. Tabriz watched the unfolding of the events of Tehran, which led to the granting of the Constitution by Moẓaffar-al-Din Shah on 14 Jomādā II 1324/5 August 1906; but as he hesitated to sign the electoral law, Tabriz took the initiative (Kasrawi, Mašruṭa 3, pp. 152, 155). Led by orators, merchants and the ʾolamā, Tabrizis took sanctuary ( bast) in the British Consulate in Šaʿbān 1324/October 1906, until the shah relented and telegraphed the Crown P…

(1832-1908), official, governor, and prime minister in the Qajar era. NEẒĀM-AL-SALṬANA, ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN (1832-1908, Figure 1), official, governor, and prime minister in the Qajar era. Ḥosaynqoli Khan was born in 1832 to the family of Šarif Khan Māfi, a high-ranking military commander and a minor governor during the reigns of the Qajar monarchs Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah (1797-1834) and Moḥammad Shah (1834-48). According to the manuscript of Solṭān-ʿAli Khan Māfi’s Taḏkerāt al-ābāʾ ( Ḵāṭerāt, I, p. 13; Eqbāl Āštiāni, p. 31), prior to the Safavid era (1501-1722), the Māfi clan, …

a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932). NAJM-AL-SALṬANA, Malek Tāj Ḵānom, a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932, FIGURE 1). Najm-al-Salṭana was the eldest daughter of Firuz Mirzā, son of ʿAbbās Mirzā Qajar. Her mother was Ḥājia Homā Ḵānom, daughter of Bahman Mirzā Bahāʾ-al-Dawla, who was the son of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah. Homā Ḵānom was deeply devout and endowed a mosque with an ad…

(emtīāzāt), grants by a state to citizens, aliens, or other states of rights to carry out specific economic activities and of capitulatory rights on its territory. A version of this article is available in print Volume VI, Fascicle 2, pp. 119-122 i. In the Safavid period In Safavid Persia capitulatory rights were granted by treaty to the Dutch, English, French, and Portuguese East Indies Companies. According to the various treaties, these rights could include, inter alia, the inviolate nature of their trading stations (factories), the right…

(Enqelāb-e mašrūṭa) of 1323-29/1905-11, during which a parliament and constitutional monarchy were established in Persia. A version of this article is available in print Volume VI, Fascicle 2, pp. 163-216 CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION (Enqelāb-e mašrūṭa) of 1323-29/1905-11, during which a parliament and constitutional monarchy were established in Persia. CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION i. Intellectual background The establishment of a constitutional regime in Persia was the chief objective of the Revolution of 1323-29/1905-11. Like any other major revoluti…