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Quietismus

(724 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Begriff und GegenstandQ. (von lat. quies, ›Ruhe‹, ›Stille‹, ›Passivität‹) war ursprünglich die in Italien aufgekommene polemische Bezeichnung für eine im roman. Katholizismus beheimatete theologische und spirituelle relig. Bewegung des späten 17. und frühen 18. Jh.s, deren spektakuläres Hauptmerkmal das wortlose ›Gebet der Stille‹ (ital. orazione di quiete) war. Davon ausgehend wird jede relig. oder weltanschaulich begründete Haltung der ethischen oder polit. Passivität als Q. bezeichnet. Der Q. ist eine mystische Frömmigkeit (Mystik), welche sogar die im Gewand …
Date: 2019-11-19

Psalter

(1,052 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Begriff und GegenstandP. (von griech. psalt椃rion; ›Saiteninstrument‹) ist die in einigen Codices überlieferte Überschrift über das Buch der Psalmen (griech. psalmoí; ›zum Saiteninstrument gesungene Lieder‹, z. B. Lk 20,42), der Sammlung von 150 (bzw. 151) Gedichten (Hymnen, Gebeten) des AT (hebr. sefer tehillim; ›Buch der Lobpreisungen‹), als deren Autor schon in vorchristl. Zeit König David galt. Der P. ist in der hebr. Bibel Teil des dritten (Schriften), in der griech. Bibel ( Septuaginta) Beginn des zweiten Kanonteils (poetische Bücher). Die unterschiedliche Z…
Date: 2019-11-19

Gesangbuch

(2,316 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus | Fischer, Michael
1. BegriffEin G. ist eine gedruckte Sammlung von gottesdienstlichen Liedern (Kirchenlied) mit oder ohne Notation der Melodie oder des Liedsatzes. Der Terminus G. (erstmals Geystliche gesangk Buchlyn, Wittenberg, 1524) setzte sich in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jh.s durch. Als Produkt des neuartigen Buchdrucks hatte das G. an dessen Möglichkeiten teil, insbes. hinsichtlich äußerer (Herstellung, Ausstattung, Umfang, Auflage, Verbreitung, Nachfolgepublikationen) und innerer (Auswahl, Rubrizierung, Funktion) Konzeption sowie tatsächlichem Gebrauch.Markus Matthias2. Ev…
Date: 2019-11-19

Bekehrung

(1,244 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. BegriffB. (lat. conversio; »Umkehr«, Konversion) oder das für dieselbe Erfahrung stehende Symbol der Neu- und Wiedergeburt sind allgemeine religiöse Phänomene. Ein Subjekt nimmt die B. als einen Akt wahr, durch den es in seiner religiösen oder quasi-religiösen (z. B. weltanschaulichen oder künstlerischen) Orientierung fundamental und umfassend neu ausgerichtet wird.Markus Matthias2. TypenB. kann bezeichnen: (1) die Um- oder Rückkehr zu bekannten, aber im Laufe der (Lebens-)Geschichte verlassenen, religiösen oder moralischen Werten, wie sie die …
Date: 2019-11-19

Gottesbilder

(1,244 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Christentum 1.1. Gottesbild und SymbolWeil schon das Wort Gott als Symbol (Paul Tillich) [10. 58–68], nicht als (verweisendes) Zeichen verstanden werden muss, entfaltet sich dieses Symbol in G.: sei es in Form persönlicher oder kollektiver Zuschreibung von Eigenschaften oder Handlungen (s. u. 1.2) oder in Form normativer (kirchlich-wiss.) Reflexion des Gottesgedankens zwischen Bibel und Metaphysik (s. u. 1.3). Diese G. kommen in figürlich verdichteter Form, außer in der Sprache, z. B. Gott als Vater oder Mu…
Date: 2019-11-19

Gebetbuch

(1,905 words)

Author(s): Fischer, Michael | Matthias, Markus
1. Allgemeine CharakteristikaG. (ältere dt. Form: Betbuch) bezeichnet eine handschriftlich oder gedruckt in Buchform vorliegende Sammlung von Gebeten. Es gehört wie das Gesangbuch, mit dem es häufig kombiniert wurde, zur Erbauungsliteratur. G. entstanden bereits seit dem frühen MA. Während das Judentum nachweislich seit dem 9. Jh. handschriftliche G. (Siddur) für das gemeinsame Synagogen-Gebet oder das private Gebet kannte, sind seit dem 8. Jh. christl. G. für den Klerus und andere Personen des geweihten (z. B. monastischen) Lebens (Stundenbuch, Marienzyklen) sowie fü…
Date: 2019-11-19

Prayer book

(2,128 words)

Author(s): Fischer, Michael | Matthias, Markus
1. GeneralA prayer book (German  Gebetbuch, earlier  Betbuch) is a collection of prayers in book form, manuscript or printed. Like the hymnal, with which it is frequently combined, it belongs to the genre of edificatory literature.Prayer books had been created by the early Middle Ages. While hand-written prayer books ( siddur) were demonstrably in use in Judaism for congregational synagogue prayer and private prayer as early as the 9th century, Christian prayer books go back to the 8th century – for the clergy and other members of religiou…
Date: 2021-03-15

Conversion

(1,408 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Concept Conversion (Lat. conversio; “turn-around” ) or the symbol of new birth or rebirth, which represents the same experience, is a universal religious phenomenon. People view conversion as an act by which they enter into a fundamental and comprehensive change in their religious or quasi-religious (e.g. ideological or artistic) orientation.Markus Matthias2. TypesConversion may mean:(1) a change of direction towards new religious or moral values, or a return to familiar ones which have been abandoned in the course of one's life, as demanded fr…
Date: 2019-10-14

God, concepts of

(1,505 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Christianity 1.1. Concept, representation, and symbolBecause the word  God must be understood as a symbol (Paul Tillich) [10], not as a (referential) sign, this symbol finds expression in concepts and images of God: whether in the form of individual or collective ascription of attributes or actions (see 1.2. below) or in the form of normative (ecclesiastical or academic) reflections on the idea of God between the Bible and metaphysics (see 1.3. below). Apart from language, these images of God find expression…
Date: 2019-10-14

Hymnal

(2,604 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus | Fischer, Michael
1. DefinitionA hymnal is a printed collection of liturgical songs (Hymn [church anthem]), with or without notation of the melody and/or setting. The term dates back to the 16th century and came into widespread use in the 18th century.  The hymnal shared the full range of publication possibilities with the new technology of printing. This affected both its external (production, facilities, distribution, circulation, dissemination, serial publication) and internal (selections, commentaries, functional design) design, as well as its actual usage.Markus Matthias2. Protestant 2…
Date: 2019-10-14

Quietism

(727 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. ConceptQuietism (from the Latin  quies, “repose,” “stillness,” “inaction”) was originally the polemical name given in Italy to a theological and spiritual religious tendency within Roman Catholicism in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the most spectacular feature of which was the wordless “prayer of quiet” (Italian  orazione di quiete). Deriving from this, any religious or philosophical attitude of ethical or political passivity has tended to incur the accusation of quietism.The original quietism was a form of mystical piety (Mysticism) that rejected …
Date: 2021-03-15

Psalter

(1,186 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
1. Definition Psalter (from Greek  psaltḗrion, “stringed instument”) is the caption some codices give the Book of Psalms (Greek  psalmoí, “songs accompanied by a stringed instrument,” e.g. Luke 20:42), the collection of 150 (or 151) poems (hymns, prayers) of the OT (Hebrew  sefer tehillim, “Book of Praises”), already thought in the pre-Christian period to have been written by King David. In the Hebrew Bible, it belongs to the third divison of the canon (Writings). In the Greek Bible (Septuagint), it begins the second division of the ca…
Date: 2021-03-15

Pareus (Wängler), David

(316 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] (Gk form; actually Wängler; Dec 30, 1548, Frankenstein, Silesia – Jun 15, 1622, Heidelberg), Reformed theologian. In 1566 Pareus followed his teacher Christoph Schilling, a disciple of Melanchthon who had been dismissed from Hirschberg, to Amberg, and from there went to study at Sapientia College in Heidelberg. After working as pastor in Lower Schlettenbach (May 1571), and as lecturer at Sapientia College (October 1571), Pareus became pastor in Hemsberg (August 1573), where he int…

Brunnemann, Johannes

(146 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] (Apr 7, 1608, Cölln/Spree – Dec 15, 1672, Frankfurt/Oder) was a Protestant jurist; after studying in Wittenberg and Frankfurt/Oder (Professor of Logic there in 1636), the pastor's son began a jurist's life and became Professor of Law at Frankfurt/ Oder in 1653, and, after 1664, adviser to the Prince Elector. He gained importance in Brandenburg-Prussia through his works on the Inquisition proceedings ( Tractatus Iuridicus De Inquisitionis Processu, 1647, 91714) and church law ( De Iure Ecclesiastico: Tractatus Posthumus, 1681, 61721). Brunnemann advocated a te…

Hanneken

(337 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] 1. Meno (Mar 1, 1595, Blexen – Feb 17, 1671, Lübeck) Lutheran theologian. After studies in Gießen (1618 M.A.) and a co-rectorate (1619) in Oldenburg, Hanneken began theological studies in 1622, primarily in Wittenberg, and, after teaching philosophy (1626) in Marburg, he earned his Dr.theol. (1627) and became professor of theology and Hebrew in Marburg. In 1628, he married Justina Eleonora, the daughter of B.Mentzer. He became superintendent in Lübeck in 1646, where he challenged the authorization of Reformed worship, and opposed the Socinians and conventicles. Mar…

Asseburg, Rosamunde Juliane von der

(102 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] (Nov 1672, Eggenstedt near Oschersleben – Nov 8, 1712, Johannishausen [Jahnishausen] near Dresden) experienced various types of visions and auditions from early childhood. Her case caused J.W. and J.E. Petersen, who had provided a home for her since 1691, to raise the critical question for Pietism as to whether God is still revealing himself directly, regardless of the sufficiency of Holy Scripture. After the dismissal of the Petersens (1692), Asseburg lived at various courts of nobility in central and eastern Germany. Markus Matthias Bibliography M. Matthias, “J…

Haberkorn, Peter

(179 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] (May 9, 1604, Butzbach – Apr 5, 1676, Gießen), Lutheran theologian. Orphaned in 1617, Haberkorn came in 1620 to K. Dieterich at the gymasium in Ulm, studied primarily in Marburg (beginning in 1625, M.A. 1627), and, after teaching philosophy in Marburg (1632), he received the Dr.theol. and became court preacher in Darmstadt. After 1636 in Gießen, he was appointed superintendent in 1643 and in 1650 professor of theology and Hebrew in Gießen. Married to Elisabetha Katharina, the daug…

Hunn (Hunnius)

(475 words)

Author(s): Matthias, Markus
[German Version] 1. Aegidius (Giles; Dec 21, 1550, Winnenden – Apr 4, 1603, Wittenberg), Lutheran theologian. Having been one of J. Heerbrand's students in Tübingen, he became a deacon in Tübingen in 1574, pastor and professor of theology in Marburg in 1576, and provost and professor in Wittenberg in 1592. In the course of denominational formation within Protestantism, Hunn played a decisive part in the advance of Lutheranism in (Upper) Hesse and Kursachsen in terms of theology and church politics. …