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[English version] Höchste weibliche etr. Gottheit, etym. mit der lat. Iuno verwandt und vielleicht aus Latium stammend; schon früh der griech. Hera assimiliert, u. a. Ehefrau von Tinia/Zeus, hat U. jedoch auch ital. Elemente (Iono Sospita) mit bes. Beziehungen zu Hercle/ Herakles [1] und Turan [1]/Aphrodite. U. war. Kultgottheit von Städten, z. B. Veii, von wo Kult und Statue 396 v. Chr. durch evocatio nach Rom wechselten (Iuno Regina) sowie von Heiligtümern (Pyrgi, Graviscae, Caere), häufig in Kultgemeinschaft mit anderen Gottheiten, wie Tinia/Zeus, The…

[English version] In der röm. Augurallehre Bezeichnung für die Beobachtungshütte (Fest. 157) und das vom Augur abgesteckte Beobachtungsfeld zum Einholen der Auspizien (vgl. Varro ling. 7,6-10; Liv. 1,18,6-8); alles außerhalb davon wird als tescum bezeichnet. Der Terminus t. bezog sich allg. in erster Linie auf Sakralbauten (Tempel), aber auch auf andere Örtlichkeiten, in quibus auspicato et publice res administrarentur et senatus haberi posset (‘in denen durch Auspizien öffentliche Angelegenheiten geregelt wurden und eine Senatsversammlung abgehalten werde…

[English version] [1] Etr. Bezeichnung der Stadt Tarquinia Etr. Bezeichnung der Stadt Tarquinia (Tarquinii) seit dem 5. Jh. v. Chr. (frühetr.: * tarchuna). Prayon, Friedhelm [English version] [2] etruskischer Gentilname Etr. Gentilname, bes. im “Grab der Inschr.” in Caere/Cerveteri. Dort sind über sieben Generationen von Namensträgern inschr. überl., davon die beiden letzten in der latinisierten Form Tarquitius. Prayon, Friedhelm Bibliography M. Cristofani, La Tomba delle Iscrizioni a Cerveteri, 1965.

[English version] Bedeutende etr. gens, bekannt aus der Tomba François in Volci/Vulci, 4./3. Jh. v. Chr. Dort sind mehrere Familienmitglieder inschr. genannt, der Grabstifter Vel S. ist in reichem Ornat bildlich dargestellt. Wohl derselben gens zugehörig ist ein Avele Sataiies als Weihender einer attischen Vase unbekannter Provenienz in Heidelberg (E. 6. Jh. v. Chr.) sowie ein Fasti S. als Titular einer hell. Urne aus Clusium/Chiusi. Prayon, Friedhelm Bibliography F. Buranelli (Hrsg.), La Tomba François di Vulci, 1987, 147-161.

[German version] Etruscan family name of an important gens from Caere (today Cerveteri; 4th/3rd century BC), known from the inscriptions of two chamber tombs in that place, the Tomba dei Tarquini and the Tomba dei Rilievi. The latter is the most elaborately furnished Etruscan chamber grave in the form of an Atrium with thirteen niches which represent cubicula. The names ascribed to the dead compose a genealogy of four generations, the name of the grave's donor Vel Matunas, son of Lars, being inscribed on a Cippus at the entrance to the grave. Funerary architecture (III. C. 1.) Prayon, Fried…

[German version] Hill covered with settlements, located in northern Cappadocia to the south-east of  Boghazki. Excavations in 1930-32 under H. H. von der Osten. These revealed, for the first time in Chalcolithic central Anatolia, continuous settlement histories from into Byzantine times [2]. Chronologically of importance is the post-Hittite-‘Phrygian’ layer of Alişar IV with ceramics in the style of silhouette-like animals [1. 1-10; 3]. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography 1 E. Akurgal, Phryg. Kunst, 1955 2 H. H. v. d. Osten, The Alishar Hüyük, OIP 29-30, 1937 3 G. …

[German version] Etruscan name of a gens (small clan with a shared ancestor) from Tarquinia. It is found on an elaborately furnished family grave of the 4th/3rd cents. BC; the sarcophagi of the individual family members are identified by their names and offices. Tarquinii Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography H. Rix (Ed.), Etr. Texte, 1991, Ta 1.9, 1.13, 1.15  S. Steingräber, Etrurien. Städte, Heiligtümer, Nekropolen, 1981, 398.

[German version] Italian name ('pot') for Etruscan vessels: 1. in the form of clay cauldrons; 2. of round-bellied vessels with handles and base. 'Thina' inscriptions of the 7th/6th cents. BC from Cerveteri (Caere) bear witness not only to the Etruscan name of the vessel type, but also to its linguistic affinity to the dinos of the Hellenic world, whose shape was related. The inscription thina on an amphora of the 5th/4th cent. in Populonia suggests that the name was later also transferred to other restricted vessel shapes. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography G. Colonna, Nomi etru…

[German version] Etruscan and Roman goddess. According to Liv. 7,3,7, year nails were driven in her temple in Volsinii, in analogy to the custom at the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline in Rome. The sanctuary has not been localised with certainty. Inscriptions in Bolsena attested to the continuation of the cult until the 3rd cent. AD (CIL VI 537,4: Nortia, te veneror, Lari cretus Vulsiniensi), and there is also an honorary inscription dedicated to a c[ uratori t] empli deae N[ ort] ia[ e] [1]. The Etruscan name of the goddess may have been * Nurti, from which gens names such as Nurtine are der…

Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Research on the Etruscans as a people and culture did not follow a linear progression, nor was it initially guided by scholarly considerations. Instead it was full of speculation ( Etruscheria) and theories of art. However, since the 19th cent. Etruscology has been a significant element in the development of the methodology and modern questions of Classical Studies. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) [German version] B. Middle Ages and Renaissance (CT) Apart from occasional references in the Tuscan chronicles o…

[German version] Etruscan nomen gentile from Volsinii/Orvieto, passed down epigraphically and pictorially over several generations in the Tomba Golini I (4th cent. BC) there. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography J. Heurgon, Un legatus à Volsinii, in: MEFRA 86, 1974, 707-721 S. Steingräber (ed.), Etr. Wandmalerei, 1985, 286.

[German version] Important Etruscan gens, known from the Tomba François in Volci/Vulci, 4th/3rd cent. BC. Several family members are named in inscriptions there, the founder of the tomb, Vel S., is depicted richly robed. An Avele Sataiies, dedicator of an Attic vase of unknown provenance in Heidelberg (end of the 6th cent. BC), and a Fasti S., mentioned by name on an Hellenistic urn from Clusium (modern Chiusi), were probably members of the same gens. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography F. Buranelli (ed.), La Tomba François di Vulci, 1987, 147-161.

[German version] Etruscan gentilicium of aristocratic families, especially in  Volsinii and  Tarquinii (Tomba dell' Orco), possibly synonymous with the Latin Fulginii. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen)

[German version] Etruscan god of war, most often depicted as a youth and identified by name. From the 5th cent. BC represented on Etruscan mirrors, frequently in the context with other deities, especially with Turan/Aphrodite; to a large extent equivalent to Greek Ares and Roman Mars, not identical with Etruscan Maris. L. also occurs on vessels and as free-standing sculpture (monumental: ‘Mars of Todi’), but not on the bronze liver of Piacenza ( Divination VII). Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography I. Krauskopf, s.v. L., Dizionario della civiltà etrusca, 1985, 147f. E. Simon, s.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Urarṭu Archaic settlement of dwellings 18 km south-west of Samsun near the Pontic coast in north Anatolia. Excavations by Th. Macridy [3] in 1906 yielded the remains of a citadel and, most of all, high quality terracotta roof ornaments in the Greek-Ionian style [1]. The ceramics, too, point to close contacts with Ionia or the Ionian colonies of the Pontic coast [2]. The ancient name of the settlement, which only flourished in the 6th cent. BC, i…

[German version] Etruscan nomen gentile, recorded in inscriptions on sarkophagoi belonging to the Hellenistic tomb of the P. family in Tarquinia, including a lid figure of one Laris P. with an inscribed scroll (Book B.). It contains the curriculum vitae of the dead person, named Laris Pule Creice ('the Greek'),. and names four generations of ancestors. Based on the formula ancn zich nethsrac Laris P. is mostly regarded as the author of a book on Etruscan haruspicy (Haruspices II. C.). Divination Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography R. Herbig, Die jüngeretruskischen Steinsark…

[German version] Etruscan gentilicium of aristocratic families, especially in  Volsinii, known through the figured painted tomb of H. found there.  Etrusci, Etruria Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen)

[German version] (Lat. fibula, from figibula; figere, ‘tack’, ‘pin’), a multi-part clasp used in clothing. Because of the wide range of types and decor, fibulae provide one of the most important guides for the differentiation and chronology of prehistoric and primitive cultures. For the various types and cultures, see  Needle. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen)

Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) In contrast to the reception of Greek and Roman cultures, the reception of Etruscan culture can be considered peripheral and largely indirect. However, during the Renaissance and in the 18th cent. (as a result of a 'misinterpretation', particularly in the field of architecture) it was of some importance, as well as in the modern era.  Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) [German version] B. From the Renaissance to the 17th Century (CT) Even though individual monuments and literary reports of the Etruscans were k…

[German version] [1] Etruscan name for the city of Tarquinia Etruscan name for the city of Tarquinia (Tarquinii) from the 5th cent. BC (Early Etruscan: * tarchuna). Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Etruscan nomen gentile Etruscan nomen gentile, especially in the 'Tomb of Inscriptions' in Caere/Cerveteri. The names of more than seven generations are inscribed there, of which the two last are in the Latinized form Tarquitius. Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen) Bibliography M. Cristofani, La Tomba delle Iscrizioni a Cerveteri, 1965.