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[English Version] Rodrigues, Simão, de Azevedo (1510 Vouzela – 15.7.1579 Lissabon), erster port. Provinzial der Jesuiten. Studium in Paris, wo er mit Ignatius von Loyola und dessen Gruppe an der Gründung der SJ beteiligt war. Von König Johannes III. zus. mit F. Xavier nach Portugal gerufen, gründete er dort verschiedene Kollegien (z.B. Jesus Kollegium, Coimbra, 1542). R. arbeitete danach in Spanien, Italien und schließlich Lissabon. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography F. Rodrigues, História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 4 Bde., 1931–1950.

[English Version] Vega, Andreas (Andrés) de (1498 Segovia – 13./21.9.1549 Salamanca), Franziskaner, studierte an der Universität Salamanca und war dort Prof. V. folgte den Lehren von J. Duns Scotus und Bonaventura. Im Tridentinum nahm er an der Diskussion über die kanonischen Schriften, Vulgata und Rechtfertigungslehre teil. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Werke: Opusculum de justificatione, gratia et meritis, 1546 Tridentini decreti de justificatione expositio et defensio, 1548 Über V.: M. Oltra Hernández, Die Gewißheit des Gnadenstandes bei A.de V. O.F. M., 1941 P…

[English Version] Soto, Domingo de (1495 Segóvia – 15.11.1560 Salamanca), Dominikaner, einer der wichtigsten Meister der »Schule von Salamanca«, gehört zu den wichtigsten Vertretern der span. Spätscholastik. Studierte in Alcalá und Paris, wo er Franz von Vitoria hörte. S. war Prof. der Universität Salamanca, Theologe Kaiser Karls V. und Vertreter des Dominikanerordens auf dem Tridentinum. S. verteidigte B. de  Las Casas im Streit um die Menschenrechte der Indios Amerikas und nahm an den Disputationen von Valladolid 1550/51 teil. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Ausg. …

[English Version] I. Allgemein P. (das Festland im Westen der iberischen Halbinsel und die Insel Madeira und die Azoren im Atlantik) umfaßt 92 389 km2 mit 10 084 234 Einwohnern (Juli 2002). II. Historisch Das heutige Gebiet P. wurde von verschiedenen Völkern besiedelt. Als Eroberer kamen nach den Römern die Sueven (409), Westgoten (585) und Araber (712). Nach der christl. Wiedereroberung (Reconquista) wurde 1096 Heinrich von Burgund (gest.1112) Herrscher des Gebiets zw. den Flüssen Minho und Mondego (Hauptstadt: Coimbra). …

[English Version] Osuna, Francisco de (ca.1492 Osuna [Sevilla] – ca.1541), Franziskaner, einer der wichtigsten span. Mystiker. O. studierte in Alcala´ de Henares und zog sich nach der Priesterweihe in die Eremitage La Salceda zurück, wo er die Grundlinien seiner Spiritualität der inneren Sammlung »recogimento« entwarf und die ersten Traktate vf. (»Abecededarios«). Eng waren seine Kontakte mit den »Alumbrados«. Sein bekanntester Traktat ist das »Dritte geistl. ABC«, das Theresa von Avila stark beeinflußte. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Ausg.: Tercer abecedario es…

[English Version] von Alca´ntara (1499 Alca´ntara – 18.10.1562 Arenas, A´vila). 1515 Franziskaner, nach Studium in Salamanca 1524 Priester, Guardian mehrerer Konvente. Als Provinzial der Ordensprovinz St. Gabriel (1538–1541) schuf er seit 1540 die Grundlagen für eine Richtung der strengsten Observanz (Alcantariner, Discalceaten). Durch seine Predigt vertiefte er den Geist der Buße, Gebet und Askese in seinen Konventen. 1560 begegnete er Theresa von A´vila. Als Ordensoberer, durch Abfassung von Stat…

[German Version] (Bracara Augusta) became a Portuguese diocese in the 4th century; it lost its status as a result of the Suevian and Arabic invasions, then after the Reconquista in 1070 was reestablished under bishop Peter and elevated to the status of archdiocese in 1100. The dispute concerning primacy with Santiago de Compostela and …

[German Version] (c. 1509, Ledesma, Spain – Aug 15, 1574, Coimbra), Dominican friar and Spanish theologian. A student of F. of Vitoria and the teacher of M. Cano in Salamanca, he was professor of theology in Coimbra from 1540 to 1562, a major representative of the School of Salamanca in Portugal, and a commentator of Thomas Aquinas ( Expositiones in universam D. Thomae Summam, unpubl.; Commentaria in quartum librum Sententiarum, 2 vols., 1555–1560). Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography F. Stegmüller, Filosofia e teologia nas Universidades de Coimbra e Évora no século XVI, 1956 M.A. Ro…

[German Version] A town and bishopric in Portugal. In the 8th century the town (Roman Conimbriga, today Condeixa) was transferred to the site of Aeminium, modern Coimbra. It belonged to the province of Emerita Augusta (Merida) and became the seat of a bishopric at the end of the 6th century. Conquered by the Moors in 715/716, Coimbra was finally retaken by Ferdinand I of Castile and Leon in 1054. The first bishop after the Reconquista was Paterno. When Portugal …

[German Version] I. General Portugal (the western mainland of the Iberian Peninsula, together with the island of Madeira and the Azores in the Atlantic) has an area of 92,389 km2 and 10,084,234 inhabitants (July 2002). II. History The area that today constitutes Portugal was settled by various peoples. After the Romans, it was conquered by the Suevi (409), the Visigoths (585), and the Arabs (712). Following the Christian Reconquista, in 1096 Henry of Burgundy (died 1112) became ruler of the territory between the Minho and Mondego…

[German Version] (Juan de Ávila; 1500, Almodóvar del Campo, New Castile – May 10, 1569, Montilla, Andalusia), Jewish convert. After studying law in Salamanca and theology in Alcalá, John became a priest. He was a proponent of university education for clergy, a missionary to the people (the “Apostle of Andalusia”), and the pastoral counselor of Francis of Borgia, John of God, Luís de Granada (who authored John's biography in 1588), as well as others. He translated J. de Gerson's Contemptus mundi with the title Imitación (1536). Persecuted by the Inquisition for a time, he was ca…

[German Version] (1499, Alcántara – Oct 18, 1562, Arenas, Ávila), joined the Franciscans in 1515; after studying at Salamanca, he was ordained in 1524, and served as guardian of several friaries. As provincial of the Franciscan province of St. Gabriel (1538–1541), in 1540 he began laying the groundwork for a Franciscan order of the strictest observance (Alcantarines, Discalced Friars). Through his preaching, he deepened the spirit of penitence, prayer, and asceticism in his friaries. In 1560 he me…

[German Version] OFM (2nd half of 15th cent.). A Spanish theologian of Jewish origin, he taught theology at Salamanca, where he was also rector. His major work, Fortalitium fidei contra Iudaeos, Saracenos et alios Christianae fidei inimicos (c. 1458–1462), drawing on such authors as Ramón Martí and Abner of Burgos, provides a programmatic justification of the Inquisition and demands expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography H. Kamen, La inquisición española, 31988.

[German Version] (1275/1280 – 1349/1350). The Franciscan Álvaro Pelayo (or Alvarus Pelagius), a Spanish canonist, was bishop of Silves (Portugal) from 1333 to 1346. Although he took the side of the Spirituals in the poverty controversy, he defended the claims of the papacy in temporal matters also ( De statu et planctu ecclesiase, 1330–1332, revised 1335–1340). He wrote a Speculum regum (1341–1344) for king Alfonso XI of Leon and Castile. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography A. Domingues de Sousa Costa, Estudos sobre Álvara Pais, 1966.

[German Version] (1498, Segovia – Sep 13/21, 1549, Salamanca), a Franciscan. He studied at the University of Salamanca, where he became a professor, following the teachings of J. Duns Scotus and Bonaventura. At the Council of Trent, he participated in discussions of the canon of Scripture, the Vulgate, and the doctrine of justification. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Works: Opusculum de justificatione, gratia et meritis, 1546 Tridentini decreti de justificatione expositio et defensio, 1548 On Vega: M. Oltra Hernández, Die Gewißheit des Gnadenstandes bei Andeas de Vega OFM,…

[German Version] (Simão; 1510, Vouzela – Jul 15, 1579, Lisbon), the first Portuguese provincial of the Jesuits. Rodriguez studied in Paris, where he shared with Ignatius of Loyola and his group in the foundation of the Society of Jesus. King John III recalled him to Portugal, together with F. Xavier. There he founded various colleges (e.g. the Jesus Collegium at Coimbra, 1542). Rodriguez later worked in Spain, Italy, and, finally, in Lisbon. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography F. Rodrigues, História da Companhia de Jesus na assistência de Portugal, 4 vols., 1931–1950.

[German Version] (c. 1492, Osuna [Seville] – c. 1541), Franciscan, one of the most important Spanish mystics. Osuna studied in Alcalá de Henares, and after ordination as a priest retired to the La Salceda hermitage, where he drew up the main lines of his spirituality of inner composure ( recogimento) and wrote his first treatises ( Abecededarios). He had close contacts with the Alumbrados. His best-known treatise is the Third Spiritual ABC, which strongly influenced Theresa of Avila. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Ed.: Tercer abecedario espiritual, ed. S.L. Santidrian, 1998 On…

[German Version] (1502, Alenquer, Portugal – 1574, Alenquer), a Portuguese historian and humanist, spent a long time first in Flanders, then in various European countries in which he maintained close contact with Humanists and Reformers (Luther, Melanchthon, Erasmus, S.Münster, P.Bembo, J.Sadoleto and Gian Battista Ramusio). In Portugal, Goes taught Prince John. Because of his great interest in the Reformation and the Jews, Goes was persecuted by the Inquisition. Manuel Augusto Rodrigues Bibliography Works: Legatio Magni Indorum Imperatoris, 1532 Fides, religio, moresque …

[German Version] (c. 800 – c. 871), entrusted, presumably as a child ( puer oblatus; Oblates: I), to the monastery at Weißenburg (Wissembourg) in Alsace; ordained priest c. 830, he received a thorough education at his home monastery, followed by studies in Fulda under Rabanus Maurus. After his return he became, under Abbot Grimald, a teacher, head of the scriptorium, and spiritus rector of a theological program on the Fulda model, directed towards a deeper understanding of Holy Scripture. To this end, Otfrid worked towards a commentary on the whole Bible. …

[German Version] Lisbon, capital of Portugal, with a population of 565,000 (2001). The first known bishop of Lisbon was Potamius (357). With the Arab conquest in 719, it became a Mozarabic see. The Reconquista retook it in 1147. Under King Alfonso III (1248–1279), it rose to become the royal residence and capital. In 1288/ 1290 a university was founded; in 1308 it was shifted to Coimbra, where (after several interim moves) it finally remained after 1537. In 1393 Lisbon was elevated to an archdioce…