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Porvoo Common Statement
(2,330 words)
The Porvoo Common Statement (in the following: “Porvoo”) is a theological text that serves as a foundation of church unity between the British and Irish Anglican churches, on the one hand, and the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran churches, on the other. The text was completed in Porvoo, Finland, an old diocesan town near Helsinki, and was published in 1993. The participating churches approved it in their synods between 1994 and 1995. The Lutheran churches of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Lithu…
Natur und Übernatur
(816 words)
[English Version]
I. Fundamentaltheologisch Sowohl die antike Kosmologie als auch der ntl. Gebrauch des Begriffspaares himmlisch–irdisch (z.B. 1Kor 15,46–49; Eph 4,9–10) haben dazu beigetragen, daß viele Kirchenväter die über die N. hinausgehende Wirklichkeit mit den Wendungen υ῾πε`ρ τη˜n̆ ϕυ´σιn̆/hype´r tē´n phy´sin bzw. supra naturam bezeichneten. Für die lat. Scholastik waren supernaturaliter bzw. supernaturalis schon aus den Schriften von (Ps.-) Dionysius Areopagita und Johannes Scotus Eriugena bekannt. In der Scholastik bez.…
Extrinsic
(91 words)
[German Version] In Catholic theology, “extrinsicism” refers to those definitions of the relationship between nature and grace that emphasize its external features (
extrinsece) and thus neglect the experience of grace. M. Blondel criticized the extrinsic elements of the Catholic
natura pura concept; K. Rahner developed his fundamental theology in reaction to extrinsicism. In a theoretical sense, extrinsic can also characterize the relationship between the enterprise of fundamental theology and the content of faith (Intrinsic). Risto Saarinen Bibliography M. Seckler, “Zu …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Grace, Doctrine of
(1,126 words)
[German Version] I. History of the Problem – II. Systematic Theology
I. History of the Problem Augustine's battle against the Pelagians (Pelagius) shaped the doctrine of grace for Western theology. While Greek patristics regarded God's act of grace as “part of the great doctrine of salvation” (Auer 987), the Fall became the central theological problem for Augustine which he treated in independent tractates such as
De natura et gratia and
De gratia Christi et peccato originali. Thus, the Augustine doctrine of grace explained how God deals with sinful humans and, conse…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Causa
(163 words)
[German Version] The Latin word
causa is usually understood to denote the causal element of a cause and effect relationship (Causality: I). The Aristotelian system of four causes (
causa efficiens,
causa finalis,
causa formalis, and
causa materialis; Arist.
Metaph. I, 3;
Phys. II, 3) profoundly influenced theological thought in Scholasticism and Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a).
Causa can also ¶ denote the necessary conditions (
causa sine qua non) for something to take place. – In the expressions
causa sui and
causa prima,
causa functions as a term for God. As
causa sui, God is his own ca…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Nature and Supernature
(847 words)
[German Version]
I. Fundamental Theology As a result of classical cosmology and New Testament usage of the terms
heavenly and
earthly (…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Natur und Gnade
(1,845 words)
[English Version] I. Fundamentaltheologisch Mit dem Begriffspaar Natur und G. erläutert v.a. die kath. Theol. das Verhältnis zw. der philos. Anthropologie (: I.) und der theol. zu denkenden Heilswirklichkeit Gottes. Normalerweise wird in dieser abendländischen Diskussion nur die N. des Menschen behandelt, nicht das Wesen anderer Seiender. Der Sprachgebrauch des ma. Aristotelismus, insbes. bei Thomas von Aquin, hat die fundamentaltheol. Diskussion maßgebend geprägt. Nach Thomas hebt die G. die N. ni…
Skandinavien, Theologie in
(4,878 words)
[English Version]
I. Dänemark Mit der Reformation 1536 gewann die Universität Kopenhagen, bereits 1479 gegründet, einen neuen akademischen Status. P. Palladius gehört zu den ersten von vielen dänischen Theologen, die in Wittenberg promoviert wurden. In seiner Doppelrolle als Bischof von Seeland und Prof der Theol. (diese Ordnung gab es bis 1830) war er sich sowohl seines Amtes als Superintendent wie auch als königlicher Beamter bewußt. Energisch setzte sich Palladius dafür ein, die Reformation zu verwirklichen. Obwohl er sic…
Scandinavia, Theology in
(5,232 words)
[German Version]
I. Denmark With the coming of the Reformation in 1536, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1478, gained new academic status. P. Palladius was among the first of many Danish theologians to receive a doctorate at Wittenberg. In his dual role as bishop of Zealand and professor of theology (a provision in place until 1830), he was well aware of his office as both ecclesiastical superinte…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Grace
(9,133 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Systematic Theology – VI. Law – VII. Judaism
…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
