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[German Version] (pseud. Palaeosphyra; before 1500, Brenz – 1539, Ansbach). Following studies at Leipzig and Tübingen from 1516, Althamer taught in Halle and Reutlingen from 1521 to 1523. In 1524, he was appointed curate in Schwäbisch Gmünd. After losing his position in 1525 because he had married, he studied at Wittenberg. In 1527, he became pastor in Eltersdorf near Nürnberg. As pastor in Ansbach from 1528, he played a decisive role in the reformation of the margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach. In 1537, he became a reformer in Brandenburg-Küstrin. Heinz Scheible Bibliography T. Kold…

[German Version] (Aug 29, 1510, Koszalin [Ger. Köslin], Poland – Jan 25, 1562, Wismar). After studying in Wittenberg (from 1524, M.A. in 1533; Wittenberg, University of), Freder was appointed co-rector of the Johanneum in Hamburg in 1537, where he also became preacher in 1539. Without ordination, through the laying-on-of-hands he officiated as pastor and lector secundarius of the cathedral from 1540 to 1547. When Freder became superintendent of Stralsund in 1547, the general superintendent of Wolgast, J. Knipstro, was in favor of ordaining him, but …

[German Version] (c. 1490, Pforzheim – May 19, 1540, Zweibrücken). After studying at Tübingen and Leipzig, Schwebel joined the Hospitalers of the Holy Spirit. In 1511 he began studying at Heidelberg, receiving his B.A. in 1513. In 1514 he was ordained to the priesthood in Straßburg (Strasbourg) and appointed preacher at the Heilig-Geist-Spital in Pforzheim. In 1519 he began to preach in the spirit of the Reformation; in 1521 he left the order and had to leave the city, taking refuge with F. v. Sic…

[German Version] (c. 1500, Windecken [in modern Nidderau] or Bruchenbrücken [in modern Friedberg] – May 5, 1553, Neubrandenburg). After attending school in Nidda and Weilburg, Alber studied at Wittenberg in 1520, then (1522–1528) taught in Büdingen, Oberursel, and Eisenach. From 1528 to 1540, he served as pastor in Sprendlingen (modern Dreieich); in 1537, he i…

[German Version] (c. 1514, Wittenberg – 1556, Weimar), editor of the Jena edition of Luther’s works. He came to Wittenberg in 1532 and went through the usual course of instruction, receiving his M.A. in 1539. There was a brief interruption when he was ordained as a deacon in Jessen in 1539 and served as court tutor in Freiberg and Dresden in 1539/1540. In 1544 he was appointed to a professorship at the Wittenberg Pädagogium and the theological faculty. In 1547 he was appointed court chaplain in We…

[German Version] (Poliander; Dec 26, 1486 or Jul 5, 1487, Neustadt/Aisch – Apr 29, 1541, Królewiec [Ger. Königsberg], Poland). After studying in Leipzig (1503–1516), Gramann stayed on to become a lecturer at the St. Thomas School and served as secretary to J. Eck during the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, whereupon he then joined Luther in Wittenberg, although he was awarded the degree of Bacc.theol. from Leipzig in 1520. He was rector of the St. Thomas School from 1520 to 1522, and cathedral preache…

[German Version] (Jan 14, 1477, Wied – Aug 15, 1552, Wied). The younger son of a count who was orphaned early in life received his first benefice as early as 1483 in Cologne, became canon in 1490, and was appointed archbishop and thus also elector in 1515. He delayed his ordination until 1518 and his entry into Cologne until 1522. He supported the Edict of Worms (1521) against Luther and his adherents out of convic-¶ tion. He saw the church's need for reform chiefly in the involvement of the curia in the filling of positions. His theological adviser was J. Gropper, who…

[German Version] (1486, Obersimtshausen [near Marburg] – Dec 24, 1535, Bremen), physician and poet. A teacher in Kassel about 1509–1511, in 1513 he went to Erfurt, where he gained his M.A. and became rector of St. Marien foundation school in 1516. He traveled to Italy, and became a doctor of medicine at Ferrara in 1521. He became municipal physician in Braunschweig in 1523, and i…

[German Version] (1501, Vacha – Feb 16, 1573, Mainz). In 1516 he matriculated at Erfurt and became a schoolteacher in Vacha in 1518. He studied at Wittenberg in 1520 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1521, being appointed vicar and town clerk in Vacha. In 1524 he was married in Eisenach and became an assistant to J. Strauß. In 1524 he was appointed pastor in Wenigenlupnitz and in 1526 in Niemegk. He was an observer at the Marburg Colloquy in 1529 (Disputations, Religious). His critical corresp…

[German Version] (Jan 25, 1521, Hamburg – Feb 25, 1598, Schleswig) began studies in Wittenberg in 1539 (1543 M.A., 1556 Dr.theol.) and became school rector in Cölln/Spree (Berlin) in 1544. In 1547, he became professor of logic in Rostock. In 1548, he became preacher and lector at the cathedral in Hamburg, in 1555 also superintendent. In 1562, he became the general superintendent …

[German Version] (Heins; after Oct 12, 1485, Brück, Potsdam-Mittelmark – Feb 15, or more likely 20, 1557, Jena) studied in Wittenberg (1502), in Frankfurt/Oder (1506), and law in Wittenberg (1508). He was then a lawyer, alderman (1519) and court adviser. He obtained his Dr.iur. from Wittenberg in 1521. From 1521 to 1528, he was the chancellor of John the Const…

[German Version] (c. 1500, Deva – 1545, Debrecen). After study in Krakow in 1523–1524, Dévai became a Franciscan in 1526. He went to Wittenberg in 1529. In 1531, he preached Reformation principles in Hungary, but was immediately imprisoned in Vienna and Buda until 1535. Thereafter, he continued to preach from village to village. In 1536/37 and 1542/43, he stayed in Germany, mainly in …

[German Version] (before 1500, Amsterdam – Feb 17, 1557, Nienburg an der Weser), OESA. A prior in Antwerp, Timan fled to Wittenberg in 1522; in 1524 through the good offices of Henry of Zutphen he came to Bremen, where he became pastor of Sankt Martini and along with Jakob Propst (died 1562) introduced the Reformation; his initial sermons in the ¶ cathedral met resistance. In 1534 he introduced a church order modeled on J. Bugenhagen’s order for Brunswick. In 1529 he was called to Emden, where he composed a church order for Eastern Friesland. In 1538 he c…

[German Version] (1519, Weimar – Nov 18, 1575, Erfurt) entered the University of Wittenberg in 1537. In 1544/1545 he served as a military chaplain in France. In 1545/46 he became Luther's assistant. In 1546/47 he became military chaplain to John Frederick the Magnanimous. In 1547 he became a preacher at the Weimar court, becoming the second court preacher …

[German Version] (Jan 6, 1488, Halgehausen near Korbach – Oct 4, 1540, Marburg). Beginning study in Erfurt in 1504 and soon becoming a member of the circle surrounding K.Muth, Hessus began to publish Latin poems in 1506 with great success. He was secretary to the bishop in Riesenburg 1509–1513. From there, he became acquainted with Cracow in 1512. Via ¶ Frankfurt an der Oder and Leipzig, he returned to Erfurt in 1514. Having married in 1515 and now the celebrated center of a circle of humanists, he became professor of Latin composition in 1517. In 1518, …

[German Version] (1480 or 1483, Leombach near Wels – Mar 25, 1546, while traveling near Spandau) began his studies in 1502 in Vienna, Rome and Ferrara (Lic. theol.). In Bohemia he came into contact with Hussites (J. Hus). In Hungary he supported the Reformation in his preaching, had to step down and came to Wittenberg in 1524. In 1525 he returned and was incarcerated in Esztergom (Gran). He managed to escape. Luther helped him to a teaching position in Liegnitz i…

[German Version] (Dec 26, 1490, Lichtenfels am Main – Apr 7, 1546, Gotha). He was educated in Lichtenfels and from 1504 in Annaberg, where in 1510 he entered the Franciscan monastery. He was transferred to Leipzig and in 1512 to Weimar, where in 1516 he was ordained priest, and soon after appointed a preaching ministry. In 1522, he was imprisoned as a follower of Luther and brought to Annaberg via Eisenach and Leipzig. In March 1524, he escaped. Myconius became a preacher at the leprosy hospital i…

[German Version] (1496, Waischenfeld – Feb 6, 1552, Trent). After studying and teaching in Bamberg, Zwickau, Nuremberg, and Leipzig (1514), Nausea went to Italy in 1518 (1523 Dr.iur.utr. in Padua). In 1524 he accompanied the legate L. Campeggio as his secretary to Stuttgart (visiting Melanchthon in Bretten), to the Nuremberg Diet, to the Regensburg Council, to Vienna, and to Hungary, and became a papal Palatine notary. In 1524 he addressed an open letter to Erasmus of Rotterdam. In 1525 Nausea was…

[German Version] (Apr 12, 1500, Bamberg – Apr 17, 1574, Leipzig) began studies in Leipzig in 1512, in Erfurt in 1518 (M.A. 1521), and in Wittenberg in 1521, where he enjoyed a close friendship with Melanchthon. He became professor of rhetoric in 1522, although he often spent long periods in Bamberg and traveling, in 1524 with Melanchthon to Bretten and as Luther's emissary to Erasmus in Basel. In 1525 he became professor of Greek in Wittenberg, in 1526 rector in …

[German Version] (1493/1494, Bruttig – Apr 19, 1524, Leipzig). After attending school in Beilstein, Luxembourg, Limburg, and Trier, he began studies at Cologne in 1509, receiving his B.A. in 1511 and matriculating on Feb 1, 1512. In 1513/1514, he taught in a school in Freiberg. In 1515 he went to Leipzig to study with Richard Crocus, professor of Greek, whom he succeeded in 1517. He published several translations and editions of Greek authors and in 1518 published his Paedologia, a widely used schoolbook. Georg Agricola (1490–1555), J. Camerarius, C. Cruciger, J. Pflug, a…