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[English version] (ἡ λουτροφόρος). Behälter für bzw. Träger/-in von Badewasser. Von Demosth. or. 44,18 als Grabaufsatz erwähnt, der den unverheirateten Status des Verstorbenen beweise. Erst spätant. und ma. Autoren gehen auf die L. als Hochzeitsgefäß und die ant. Sitte ein, den unverheiratet Verstorbenen ( ágamoi) ein Denkmal ( mnḗma) in Form einer L. zu errichten, was offenbar den Sinn eines symbolischen Nachvollzugs von Brautbad und Hochzeit (Hochzeitsbräuche) hatte. Die L. wird hier einerseits als Gefäß (Hesych. s.v.; Eust. zu Hom. Il. 23,…

[English version] A. Form, Funktion, Name Die Vielfalt ant. G. (ἀγγεῖον; vas) resultiert primär aus diversen Verwendungszwecken wie Transport, Lagerung, Schöpfen, Gießen, Mischen von festen oder flüssigen Gefäßinhalten (Zweckformen), sekundär aus zeitl. und regional bedingten Unterschieden der Gestaltung (Typen). Mit der Zweckform ist ledigl. die funktionale Grundstruktur angegeben, die erst durch Typen ihre konkreten Ausprägungen erfährt. Zur Amphora (vgl. Abb. A) gehören als feste funktionale Merkmale zw…

[English version] (ἡ ὑδρία). Dreihenkliger Wasserkrug mit enger Mündung, wie er inschr. in der Troilos-Szene des Klitias-Kraters (Florenz, AM) als H. bezeichnet ist. Die Form kommt schon in der FH-Keramik und auf myk. Tontafeln von Pylos vor (dort mit der Bezeichnung ka-ti). Die ältere Kugelform wurde im 6. Jh. v.Chr., nun auch in Bronze und Silber, durch die gestreckte Schulter-H. und etwas später die “Kalpis” mit durchlaufendem Profil abgelöst (Gefäße Abb. B 11-12). Sehr schlanke H. gab es noch im 4. Jh. v.Chr. bis in den Hell.; in d…

[English version] (ὁ ψυκτήρ). Gefäß aus Ton oder Br. zum Kühlhalten von Wein. Vereinzelt dienten diesem Zweck im 6. Jh. v. Chr. doppelwandige Kratere und Amphoren. Um 530 v. Chr. wurde in Athen ein pilzförmiger Ps. erfunden (Gefäße, Gefäßformen, Abb. C 8), den in der Folge zahlreiche rf. Werkstätten herstellten (Oltos, Euphronios [2], Euthymides). Als seine Vorformen können sf. Kannen und Amphoren mit zylindrischem Hohlfuß gelten. Der Typus hielt sich bis ca. 470 v. Chr. (Pan-Maler). Bildliche Dar…

[English version] (ὁ κρατήρ von κεράννυμι, keránnymi, “mischen”; Linear B: Akk. ka-ra-te-ra). Weitmundiges Gefäß zum Mischen von Wasser und Wein, beim Gastmahl (Hom. Od. 1,110) wie bei Opferriten (Hom. Il. 3,269) und rel. Festen (Hdt. 1,51) verwendet. Gyges, Alyattes und Kroisos sollen große Prunk-K. aus Edelmetall nach Delphi gestiftet haben. Ihr Fassungsvermögen war nach Amphoren (Hdt. 1,51; 70; vgl. Hom. Il. 23,741; Amphora [2]), ihr Wert nach Gewicht angegeben (Hdt. 1,14; vgl. Plin. nat. 33,15). K.-Untersätze ( hypokratērídia, hypóstata) waren gesondert gearbeitet (Hd…

[English version] Die griech. Sitte, mit dem Epitheton kalós (καλός, mask. = “schön”), seltener kalḗ (καλή, fem.), die Schönheit einer Person öffentlich zu preisen, ist v.a. in - bereits vor dem Brand der Gefäße aufgebrachten - attischen Vaseninschr. des 6. und 5. Jh. v.Chr. faßbar [1; 5]; daneben gab es spontane Graffiti auf Vasen [3] und andere öffentliche L. [4. 22, 46-65] (schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 98). Sie wurzeln in einem auch aus der frühgriech. Lyrik sprechenden Interesse an der schönen Jugend und in den päderastischen Konventionen der Zeit, aber darüber hinaus auch im Ideal der ka…

(ὁ λέβης; ho lébēs). [German version] [1] Large cauldron Large cauldron, a bronze vessel used from the Mycenaean period to heat water and cook meals, in Homer aside from the phiale and trivet a popular prize ( Prizes (games)) (Hom. Il. 9,122; 23,267; 613; 762), also made of precious metal. The addition ápyros (ἄπυρος) describes either new lébētes or those used as kraters. Bronze kettles decorated with protomes from the 7th-6th cents. BC that can be removed from the stand go back to Oriental models (Griffin cauldron). Aside from these splendid cauldro…

[German version] I. Introduction, origins, social position The potter (κεραμεύς/ kerameús, Lat. figulus) carried out his artistic work at the potter's wheel and in the creation of clay patrices (prototypes), models and sculptural ornamentation, though the profession included production processes such as mining and preparing the clay, painting, firing and selling the products. Despite at times enjoying good economic circumstances, the potter’s position in society remained modest; in Athens he was ranked amongst the thêtes , zeugîtai or metics ( métoikos …

[German version] In Antiquity, manufacturers of simple utilitarian pottery generally met only the local demand of their region, while finer, decorated ceramics were also intended for the transregional market. However, the latter could also stimulate the export of poorer goods. The distribution of pottery finds in many cases indicates corresponding trade links, but there are also other factors to consider: the extended find radius of Mycenaean pottery is more a reflection of the presence of Mycenae…

[German version] (ἡ πυξίς; hē pyxís). Box, round container with a lid; the Hellenistic name is derived from πύξος/ pýxos (‘box tree wood’), from which pyxides were often fashioned; the older Attic name is probably κυλιχνίς/ kylichnís. Pyxides are predominantly preserved as ceramics, more rarely made of wood, alabaster, metal or ivory. Among other things, pyxides were used for storing cosmetics and jewellery, so they were part of the life of women, the preferred motive in the red-figured style being portrayals of women's rooms; the…

[German version] (ἡ κύλιξ; hē kýlix). General ancient term for a wine goblet; mentioned in inscriptions are both goblets and skyphoi as well as flat drinking bowls. As a technical term, kylix is today only used for the latter. As a bowl, made of clay, with high foot and two horizontal handles, the kylix originated in the 6th cent. BC, probably derived from Laconian examples. It could be handled particularly well when lying down; it is no coincidence that it follows Oriental banquet customs. Early forms from the 8th and 7th cents., with a low foot,…

[German version] (ὁ or τὸ κέρνος; ho or tò kérnos). According to Ath. 11,476f; 478d, a cult vessel with added kotyliskoi (drinking cups), which contained poppy seed, wheat, lentils, honey, oil, etc. (similar to panspermia). Kernoi were carried around in processions and their contents finally eaten by the bearers ( mystai). Kernoi with attached lights are also mentioned (sch. Nic. Alex. 217). Kernoi were used in cults of fertility and mother goddesses, especially in that of Rhea Cybele. Larger quantities of clay pots with wreaths of kotylai ( Vessels fig. E 15), which are assumed to be kerno…

[German version] Type three wine pitchers ( Pottery, shapes and types of;  Chuos), used in Athens in drinking competitions on the day of Choes during the  Anthesteria. Not firmly identified with clay pitchers of similar size painted with freely chosen motifs. More easily differentiated are the small CP (5-15 cm high) produced in great numbers c. 400 BC. These bore images of children, pointing to sources that suggest the Choes as marking an important transition point in children's lives (IG II/III2 13139, 1368 l. 127-131). Some feast scenes, moreover, point to rites involv…

[German version] The collective term 'vases' for Greek painted pottery (II. A.) as a special sub-genre of ceramics characterized by its often rich decoration emerged in the 18th cent. when the first vasi antichi were discovered in Campania and Etruria. Since their decoration was the task of the potter, no ancient word exists for the profession of vase painters (VP), although they could mark their work with the signature ἔγραψεν/ égrapsen ('has painted'). The first signatures of VP appear on early archaic, Cycladic and Corinthian pottery. In Athens, the earliest example is Sophil…

(ἀσκός; askós). [German version] [1] Wineskin Leather wineskin. Scheibler, Ingeborg (Krefeld) [German version] [2] Vessel type Collective archaeological term for closed vessels with stirrup handle and spout ( Vessel forms). Larger ‘sack pots’ as early as the Bronze Age; askoi in the form of birds and ducks mainly in the 8th cent. BC, also present in Etruria. Loops handles suggest flasks, pictorial representations, drinking vessels. The small, black-varnished or red-figured askoi of the 5th-4th cents. BC in the form of skins, or lenticular or ring-shaped, probably…

[German version] Vases worked three-dimensionally using a combination of techniques; figurine vases made by coroplasts, often originating from the same moulds as the statuettes (terracottas). Precursors in Anatolia, Egypt and the Ancient Orient. Greek figurine vases of clay (birds, cattle, horses) in greater numbers from the 14th cent. BC. [1]. Vast production of ointment vessels with glazed clay painting in the 7th-6th cents. BC e.g. in Corinth [2], Rhodes [3] and Boeotia: complete figures, busts…

[German version] (ὁ κρατήρ/ ho kratḗr from κεράννυμι, keránnymi, ‘to mix’; Linear B: acc. ka-ra-te-ra). Wide-mouthed vessel for mixing water and wine, used at banquets (Hom. Od. 1,110), as well as in sacrificial rites (Hom. Il. 3,269) and religious festivals (Hdt. 1,51). Gyges, Alyattes and Croesus are supposed to have donated splendid large kraters of precious metal to Delphi. Their capacity was given in amphorae (Hdt. 1,51; 70; cf. Hom. Il. 23,741; Amphora [2]), their value measured according to weight (Hdt. 1,14; cf. Plin. HN 33,15). Supports for kraters ( hypokratērídia, hypóstata…

[German version] (ὁ ψυκτήρ; ho psyktḗr). Vessel made of clay or bronze for keeping wine cool. Occasionally double-walled craters and amphoras served this purpose in the 6th cent. BC. In about 530 BC a mushroom-shaped psykter was invented in Athens (Pottery, shapes and types of, ill. C 8) and was subsequently manufactured in numerous red-figure workshops (Oltus, Euphronius [2], Euthymides). Its earlier forms are considered to be black-figured jugs and amphoras with cylindrical hollow feet. The style continued until c. 470 BC (Pan painter). Pictorial representations most com…

[German version] (ἀλάβαστρον, ἀλάβαστος; alábastron, alábastos). Slender perfume bottle without a base whose contents were accessed with small sticks ( Pottery). Examples of clay, precious metal, glass and lead have been found. Egyptian precursors, made of alabaster, imported into Greece in early times. Greek clay alabastra already around 600 BC in east Ionia; deviating from that the proto-Corinthian pouch version. Rich production of painted clay alabastra in Attica around 550-450 BC. In late classical times, larger stone alabastra served as grave decoration. Scheibler, Inge…

[German version] (ἐπίνητρον; epínētron). A curved cover, wrongly referred to as ónos (ὄνος), for the protection of thighs and knees during the cleaning and combing of wool; according to Hesychius s.v., the epinetron was used to card the fibres, but more likely to prepare the rovings (see illustr.). Epinetra were generally made from clay or wood; some painted clay epinetra from the 5th cent. BC are extant.  Eretria Painter Scheibler, Ingeborg (Krefeld) Bibliography A. Lezzi-Hafter, Der Eretria-Maler, 1988, 253-262 A. Pekridou-Gorecki, Mode im antiken Griechenland, 1989, 16-20. Re…