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[German version] I. Geography Central Italian people and the hilly and mountainous region (flysch in the north, Jurassic lime in the south) they inhabited. It is located in the drainage area of the upper and middle Tiber between the Etruscan Appennines and the Chiana Valley with a narrow access to the eastern coastal area. The mountains run from northwest to southeast, between them lie narrow, sparsely populated valleys and a few broader basins (Tiber Valley, the plain around Lake Trasimenus (Lacus …

[German version] Chain of mountains; a continuation of the Alps from the Colle di Cadibona above Savona to the Straits of Messina, and forming the backbone of the Italian peninsula. Highest point is the Gran Sasso (2912 m) in the Abruzzi. The highest point of the Apuan mountains in  Liguria is the Auginus (today Cimone, 2165 m), a cult site, like Monte Guragazza above Felsina and Monte Falterona above Arezzo near the sources of the Arno; these mountain ranges divided regiones VII and VIII. The  Tiber has its source halfway up the chain in the territory of the Casuentini. Fu…

[German version] (Ῥουβίκων; Rhoubíkōn). River whose name, derived from its red colour, is probably preserved in Urgone (dialect form Rigone), a right tributary of the Pisciatello; the latter has its source in the Appennines, flows into the Adriatic 15 km north of Ariminum and today once again bears the name Rubicone. The R. replaced the Aesis in its role as the border river between Italy and the province of Gallia Cisalpina (Cic. Phil. 6,5; Str. 5,1,11; Plin. HN 3,115; App. B Civ. 2,35) in the time…

[German version] Vicus of the Sabini, ager Amiterninus, by the source of the Aternus (modern Pescara) on a rock spur (Str. 5,3,1), after 1204 Civitatomassa (Scoppito, L'Aquila). On a side road of the via Salaria (restored in AD 47 as the via Claudia Nova; CIL IX 5959; Tab. Peut. 5,5 erroneously Erulos), 13 miles after Interocrium (modern Antrodoco), 4 miles before Amiternum. Mentioned in 211 BC because of the passing of Hannibal (Liv. 26,11,11); tribus Quirina. Roman remains. Epigraphy: CIL IX p. 417-420; 4395-4435. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Filippi, s.v. F., EV 2…

[German version] Villa near Capena in the region of the Falisci which served as a statio on the via Flaminia between Rome and Ocriculum, 24 Roman miles from Rome (It. Ant. 124). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Coloniae | Latini, Latium City in Volsci territory on the Ufens (modern Ufente) river in the Ager Pomptinus , modern Sezze. Founded in 382 BC as a Latin colonia (Vell. 1,14), S. set itself against Rome in the Latin War in 340 (Liv. 8,3) and in the Second Punic War in 209 BC (Liv. 27,9; 29,15,5). In 198 BC slaves together with Carthaginian hostages and prisoners interned in S. revolted (Liv. 32,26,5-18). Parts of the city walls have survive…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Latini, Latium | Oracles City in Latium ( Latini) on the Numicus, 4 km from the coast, modern Pratica di Mare. In order to create a new home for the Penates of Troy [1], L. was founded by Aeneas [1] according to the Augustan form of the myth and named after his wife Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. L. is mentioned in the first treaty between Rome and Carthage (Pol. 3,22), was the place of exile of Tarquinius Collatinus [2] and the location of the sanctuary of the Latin League of which L. was a member. L. was a municipium and always p…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus Town of the  Hernici on a tufa outcrop, which dominates the Sacco valley; sanctuary near the acropolis (modern S. Cecilia; 7th cent. BC), a further one in the valley (Osteria della Fontana, Etruscan graffiti). Roman from 306 BC, first as   praefectura , then   municipium . Travertine walls in opus quadratum; thermae under the church of S. Chiara ( piscina preserved);   villae in the vicinity, of which one is ascribed to Cicero; imperial villa magna; catacombs. From AD 487 bishop's seat. The circus maritimus Anagninus was m…

[German version] [1] City in North-Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Coloniae | Regio, regiones | Rome | Rome City in North-Etruria, regio VII, on the right bank of the Arnus below  Faesulae, modern Florence. Settlement from the Villanova period [3]. Roman colony, possibly founded in the 40s or 30s of the first cent. BC (Tac. Ann. 1,79,1; [6. 1,213]), tribus Scaptia [5. 84]. The choice of site for its founding was made favourable by a ford over the Arnus, used from the time of the Villanova culture, where the via Cassia (It. Ant. 285; Tab. Peut. 4,2), the via Quinct…

[German version] Town in southern Etruria ( regio VII), attested in the 8th/6th cents. BC on an outlier of the Poggio San Francesco (305 m), modern Ferento, 9 km north of Viterbo, on an elevation between eastern tributaries of the Tiber. In the Roman period relocated to the Northeast on the other side of the river (306 m; Pianicara). Its territory was distributed under the Gracchi [1. 216]; municipium, tribus Stellatina. The gens Salvia as well as Otho (Tac. Hist. 2,50; Suet. Otho 1,1) and Flavia Domitilla (Suet. Vesp. 3) came from F. The town decayed in the late…

[German version] Possibly Cimone in the Apennines, worshipped as sacred (Liv. 39,2). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Mountain top town (404 m) of the Hernici in Latium adiectum on the via Latina, 24 miles from Anagnia and 7 miles from Frosinone, modern Ferentino (Frosinone) on the Trerus (modern Sacco; It. Ant. 305; Tab. Peut. 6,2). Occupied by Volsci in 413, later returned to the Hernici (Liv. 4,51ff.); in 361 conquered by the consul Licinius Calvus (Liv. 7,9). It remained loyal to Rome during the Hernici uprising in 306 but suffered severe devastation in 211 from Hannibal. After 195 BC in possession of the ius Latii (Liv. 34,42,5). Du…

[German version] Port of the Praetuttii in Picenum (Picentes) on the right bank of the Truentus at its mouth on the Adriatic (Ionios Kolpos; Plin.  HN 3,110; Cic. Att. 8,12b,1: Castrum Truentinum;  cf. Ptol. 3,1,21) to the south of modern San Benedetto del Tronto. At T. the Via Salaria and the Adriatic coast road joined [1]. Archaeological remains: 3rd cent. BC - 7th cent. AD. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography 1 Miller, 215. V. Galiè, Castrum Truentum e Turris ad Truntum, 1984  A. R. Staffa, Città romane dell'Abruzzo adriatico, in: Journal of Ancient Topography 8, 1998, 33-42.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae Originally, the city of the Opici near the mouth of the river Trerus into the Liris, modern Rocca d'Arce. Until 354 BC, the city of the Volsci, destroyed by the Samnites (Liv. 8,23,6). In 328 BC, colonia Latina (Liv. 8,22,2; cf. 9,28,3). F. was loyal to Rome against Pyrrhus and Hannibal; the city took part in the outbreak of the 2nd war against the Samnites and was recaptured by the Samnites in 320 (Liv. 9,12,5-8), and recolonized by the Romans in 313 (Diod. Sic. 19…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Coloniae City of the Aurunci in Latium with a harbour on the Mare Tyrrhenum; hence its name (Ὁρμίαι; Hormíai or Φορμίαι ; Phormíai... διὰ τὸ εὔορμον; dià tò eúormon, ‘because of the good mooring’: Str. 5,3,6; cf. Fest. 83); located on the via Appia 8 km north of Gaeta, 88 miles from Rome (mile stones: CIL X 6859-6863). Caieta also belonged to the territory of F. F. was formerly called Mola di Gaeta, but in 1862 it was renamed Formia (Latina province). In myths F. is associate…

[German version] River in Venetia (Plin. HN 3,126; cf. Licenna, Tab. Peut. 4,4; Liquetia, Serv. Aen. 9,679; Liguentia, Geogr. Rav. 4,36; 115 km), modern Livenza. It has its source in the Alpes Carnicae, is crossed by the viae Postumia and Annia, and flowed into the Adriatic Sea at a mouth that today carries only a little water. This antique mouth is near Portus Liquentiae west of the modern mouth near Caorle (ancient Caprulae). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Lake in southern Etruria in a small volcanic crater, modern Lago di Martignano. Augustus had an aqueduct built from here, the aqua Augusta Alsietina, which provided water for the naumachia in Rome and the nemus Caesarum (Frontin. Aq. 1,11; 2,71) in Trastevere. At Careiae (modern Santa Maria di Galeria) it reached the Aro, an outlet for the lacus Sabatinus (modern Lago Bracchiano), which added more water; an overflow channel was intended for irrigation. The aqueduct continued south at the foot of the Ianiculum; the water was not potable. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Straight, 19 mile (cf. the name) long section of the via Appia from the Forum Appii to Tarracina, continued through the paludes Pontinae by means of a viaduct, and possibly built under P. Claudius [I 29] Pulcher ( aedilis curulis 255-253 BC). The decennovium was paved under Trajan in AD 110 (CIL X 6833-6835; 6839). The mutatio located at the halfway mark was called Ad Medias, the modern-day Mesa. There was a canal for tow boats parallel to the decennovium, which drained the swamps; Horace travelled on it (cf. the description at Hor. Sat. 1,5,3-…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Villanova Culture | | Italy, languages | Oracles | Raeti, Raetia | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt City of the Veneti in the plain between the montes Euganei and the Laguna Veneta on a bend of the Meduacus, north-east of Ateste (Liv. 10,2,6), the modern Padova (Padua). According to Verg. Aen. 1,242-249 it was founded by the Trojan Antenor [1], who founded games there which were held every thirty years; the territory of P. was called pagus Troianus (Liv. 1,1,3). In 49 BC, P. became a municipium of the tribus Fabia (CIL V 26…

[German version] Ligurian peoples of the Appenninus north of the Arno, named after the settlement of Moukéllē (Μουκέλλη, Procop. Goth. 3,5) in the modern Mugello, upper Sieve valley, through which the road to Faventia led. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography C.A. Mastrelli, Sul nome del Mugello, in: SE 37, 1969, 109-126.