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Beylik
(876 words)
, (beglik), a term formed by joining the adjectival and relative suffix
lik to
bey (
beg ,
beg) which was an old Turkish title [see beg ]. The word
bey is said to correspond to the Arabic
amīr , and
beylik to
imāra
. The term
beylik thus denotes both the title and post (or function) of a
Bey , and the territory (domain) under the rule of a
Bey. Later, by extension, it came tomean also “state, government”, and, at the same time, a political and administrative entity sometimes possessing a certain autonomy. When the Ottoman Empire was established, ʿOt̲h̲mān Bey, the…
ʿAsas
(1,143 words)
, the night patrol or watch in Muslim cities. According to Maḳrīzī the first to carry out this duty was ʿAbdallah b. Masʿūd, who was ordered by Abu Bakr to patrol the streets of Medina by night. ʿUmar is said to have gone on patrol in person, accompanied by his
mawlā Aslam and by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf. (
Ḵh̲iṭaṭ . ii, 223, cf. Ṭabarī, i, 5, 2742; R. Levy, (ed.)
Maʿālim al-Ḳurba , 216; al-G̲h̲azzālī,
Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk (ed. Humāʾī, 13, 58). Later the
ʿasas was commanded by a police officer, known as the
ṣāḥib al-ʿasas (Maḳrīzī, loc. cit.; Ibn Tag̲h̲rībirdī, ii, 73; Nuw…
Bayt al-Māl
(8,636 words)
, in its concrete meaning “the House of wealth”, but particularly, in an abstract sense, the “fiscus” or “treasury” of the Muslim State. I. The Legal Doctrine. ‘Bilāl and his companions asked ʿUmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb to distribute the booty acquired in Iraq and Syria. “Divide the lands among those who conquered them”, they said, “just as the spoils of the army are divided”. But ʿUmar refused their request . . . saying: “Allāh has given a share in these lands to those who shall come after you” ’ (
Kitāb al-Ḵh̲arād̲j̲ , 24.
Le Livre de
l’Impot
Foncier , 37). In this alleged d…