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See also Namibia 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The main issue in domestic policy during the year was the party congress of the former liberation movement and governing South West Africa People’s Organisation (swapo), which indicated likely leadership choices for the country’s next national parliamentary and presidential elections. A critical matter of domestic and international dimensions remained the disagreement over the German–Namibian Joi…

See also Democratic Republic of the Congo 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. President Félix Tshisekedi found himself in pole position to contest the electoral race scheduled for December 2023 based on the broader support structure he had created in 2021. However, the first cracks soon began to show in the so-called Union Sacrée de la Nation (usn). As early as January, Jean-Marc Kabund, a central figure within Tshisekedi’s own Union pour la Démocratie et le Progès Socia…

See also Djibouti 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh continued to preside over Djibouti’s authoritarian system and the political situation remained stable, with the exception of an assault by the armed group frud (Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) on a military base in October. Relations with the country’s most important investor, China, remained strong, and a variety of international military bases poin…

See also Niger 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Security continued to be difficult, notably in the western (Tillabéri) region and the adjacent tri-border zone with Mali and Burkina Faso. The strategic stakes of the conflict with self-styled jihadist forces increased with the deterioration of the political circumstances in Mali and the withdrawal of French forces from that country. These were allowed to relocate to Niger,…

See also Kenya 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The general elections dominated Kenyan politics in 2022. Uhuru Kenyatta’s presidential term ended after a ten-year tenure defined by increased investment in large public infrastructure, increased military spending, and runaway public debt. The elections were tense and vigorously contested but peaceful. Unlike previous elections largely dominated by ethnic politics, class-ba…

See also Cameroon 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Internal power struggles and financial challenges poisoned the political climate, eclipsing the war that continued to rage in the two Anglophone regions. While affirming the strength of his ties with Russia, President Paul Biya – who this year celebrated his 40th anniversary as head of state – allowed himself to be courted by his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron, who had come to meet him in Yaoundé for the first time. While gdp continued …

See also Southern Africa 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. This chapter examines the major occurrences that defined the Southern Africa region in 2022. There were a few elections held in the region. Meanwhile, the quality of governance continued to decline across a number of countries, as shown by violations of human rights. The security situation in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province remained a major concern for the sadc. Unlike in the previous year, Covid-19 diminished across …

See also Angola 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The August elections defined political dynamics, which were marked by a hardening of the political and social climate. Hotly contested, the elections returned the ruling party and President João Lourenço to power with a narrower-than-ever majority, indicating growing dissatisfaction with and distrust in political institutions and their ability to represent the population’s interests. Foreign affairs largely followed the cour…

See also Mauritania 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. While a long-anticipated ‘inclusive dialogue’ process faltered shortly after starting, an important agreement was reached with political parties. This agreement slightly modified electoral rules and ensured the participation of all opposition parties in the upcoming legislative, regional, and municipal elections scheduled for May 2023. The fall out between President Mo…

See also Eswatini 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Eswatini’s political unrest, which began in July 2021, intensified as pro-democracy activists called for political transformation in the country. Cases of excessive force by the state, together with arrests of activists, dominated the political landscape. The unrest led to the damage to infrastructure that impacted negatively on the economic sectors of the country. Eswat…

See also São Tomé and Príncipe 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. In September, the Ação Democrática Independente (adi) gained an absolute majority in the legislative elections and, after four years in opposition, returned to power with party leader Patrice Trovoada as prime minister, for the fourth time since 2008. Two weeks after Trovoada had assumed office, the country was shocked by the news of a failed armed assault on the mil…

See also Zambia 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. President Hakainde Hichilema and his administration faced considerable challenges in their effort to restore the country’s international credibility, regain macroeconomic stability, and improve democratic credentials. Several violations of freedom of expression were reported. The president agreed to repeal both the 1965 law on defamation of the president and the death pena…

See also Lesotho 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Lesotho’s tenth general election, held on 7 October 2022, swept away the incumbent government of Prime Minister Moeketsi Majoro, replacing it with a three-party coalition headed by the newly formed Revolution for Prosperity Party (rfp). Led by Ntsokoane Samuel Matekane, who is described as a ‘millionaire’ and the country’s richest person, the rfp had been launched in March 2022, Matekane claiming that he was entering polit…

See also Uganda 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Uganda’s political outlook in 2022 was generally calm, although this in no way amounted to stable socio-political and economic conditions. Opposition parties and their leaders and supporters faced state repression, and the space for free civic activity remained constricted. Other problems included growing inflationary pressure; foundational issues such as unresolved tensio…

See also Central African Republic (ca.) 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The government left most efforts to reconquer territory from diverse armed groups to its private Russian ally (Wagner Group), which was accused of atrocities by many sides. After holding a stage-managed, partly boycotted ‘republican dialogue’, President Faustin-Archange Touadéra felt strong enough to push for constitutional reform that was mostly meant…

See also Seychelles 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The political environment in Seychelles remained stable, while strong governance indicators continued to allow for multilateral creditor support. Tourism, the country’s major economic sector, recovered visibly following the pandemic-induced contraction of visitors and growth. Seychelles recorded gdp growth of 8.8%, up from 7.9% in the previous year, and growing foreign currency inflow positively affected…

See also Mozambique 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. The civil war in Cabo Delgado province and the consequent continued suspension of work on onshore installations for a major gas field dominated the year, although the first lng was shipped from a far-offshore floating platform. Eleven people were convicted in the $ 2 bn hidden debt scandal, including the son of former president Armando Guebuza. Illegal activities including drugs transit trade, il…

See also West Africa 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. West Africa faced severe challenges and demonstrated remarkable resilience at the same time during the year under review. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Russian–Ukrainian war, and instability emanating from the activities of jihadist groups in the Sahel region continued to undermine collective and individual efforts to secure a living. The year under review a…

See also Madagascar 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Madagascar’s economic growth in the wake of Covid-19 impacts continued to be strong in 2022, erasing the sharp losses of 2020. However, inflation was high at 11.2% as agricultural production and manufacturing continued to be blamed. Disproportionate increases in rice and petrol prices contributed to the worsening of social conditions in a country already suffering as o…

See also Central Africa 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Contents Volume 19, 2022. Half of the countries in Central Africa continued to face violent conflicts, with no major positive developments on record. Political theatre – with ‘national dialogues’ being held in car and Chad and elections, such as those in Congo and Equatorial Guinea, whose outcomes were simply not credible – undermined rather than strengthened democracy. Some economic recovery after the end of the Covid…