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, Sāʾid (a., pls. asyād , sāda , sādāt , abstract nouns siyāda , suʾdad , etc.), originally, chief, e.g. of an Arabian tribe, and then, in Islamic times, a title of honour for descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad, being in this respect in many ways coterminous with the term s̲h̲arīf . Sayyid was used in ancient South Arabian, where it appears as s 1 wd “chieftain” (A.F.L. Beeston, etc., ¶ Sabaic dictionary, Louvain-Beirut 1982, 129), but the root seems to be largely absent from North-Western Semitic, being only dubiously attested in Elephantine Aramaic (J. Hoftijzer and K. Jongeling, Dictionar…

, Sāʾid (a., pl. asyād, sāda, sādāt, noms d’action siyāda, suʾdad, etc.), à l’origine, chef, p. ex. d’une tribu arabe, puis, a l’époque islamique, titre honorifique des descendants du Prophète Muḥammad, et dans cette acception synonyme à bien des égards du mot s̲h̲arīf [ q.v.]. Sayyid s’employait en sud-arabique ancien, sous la forme sʾwd(chef) (A. F. L. Beeston, etc., Sabaic dictionary, Louvain-Beyrouth 1982, 129), mais la racine semble être absente du sémitique du Nord-ouest, attestée seulement sous une forme douteuse en araméen d’Eléphantine Q. Hoftijzer et K. Jongeling, Diction…

sayyid (A, pl. asyād, sāda, sādāt) : originally chief, e.g. of an Arabian tribe; later, in Islamic times,…

, Ibrāhīm Ḥusayn S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī, Egyptian writer, prominent member of the Muslim Brotherhood and main ideologue of modern Muslim Sunnī fundamentalism, born 9 October 1906 in Mūs̲h̲a near Asyūṭ, executed 29 August 1966 in Cairo. Life . In 1920 Sayyid Ḳuṭb moved from his native village to Cairo for his secondary education. From 1929 till 1933 he studied at Dār al-ʿUlūm . He worked as a teacher for approximately six years, became a functionary in the Ministry of Education ( Wizārat al-Maʿārif ), and was sent on an educational mission to the United States whe…

, a small town in the Bulands̲h̲ahr district of Uttar Pradesh, founded in 1704 by Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, a descendant of Sayyid Ḏj̲alāl al-Ḥusayn of Buk̲h̲ārā. (C. Collin-Davies)

Sayyid Baraka was an enigmatic religious figure in the circle of counsellors and advisors of Tīmūr (d. 807/1405). He is mentioned chiefly in sources that reflect the Tīmūrid historiographical tradition, which refer to him at particular junctures in Tīmūr’s career, between 771/1370, when Sayyid Baraka became part of Tīmūr’s entourage, and 806/1403–4, the year he died. His importance is suggested by his burial in a place of honour in the Gūr-i Amīr, where Tīmūr himself is also buried. Whether their…

Sayyid Sulṭān (fl. 1040–55/1630–45) was among the first Bengali Muslim authors to contribute to the spread of the teachings of Islam to the rural populations of eastern Bengal. He composed his epic Nabīvaṃsha (“The Prophet’s lineage”, composed c. 1040–55/1630–45) as a counter to the vernacular versions of Hindu epic poems that were then popular in the Muslim households of eastern Bengal. He was a Ṣūfī and a disciple of a certain Sayyid Ḥasan who came from Gaura, the centre of the regional power of the Bengal sultanate. Sayyid Sulṭān claims no affiliation with a particular Ṣūfī order ( ṭarīqa…

, petite ville dans le district de Bulands̲h̲ahr de l’Uttar Pradesh, fondée en 1704 par Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, descendant de Sayyid Ḏj̲alāl al-Ḥusayn de Buk̲h̲ārā. (C. Collin Davies)

, écrivain égyptien, membre éminent des Frères Musulmans, principal idéologue du fondamentalisme musulman sunnite moderne, né le 9 octobre 1906 à Mūs̲h̲a près d’Asyūṭ, exécuté le 29 août 1966 au Caire. Sa vie. En 1920, Sayyid ḳuṭb quitta son village natal pour aller à l’école secondaire au Caire. De 1929 à 1933, il étudia à Dār al-ʿUlūm. Il enseigna pendant environ six ans, devint fonctionnaire au Ministère de l’Education ( Wizārat al-Maʿārif), et fut envoyé en mission aux Etats Unis où il passa deux ans. Il regagna l’Egypte en août 1950. Sayyid Ḳuṭb rejoignit probablement les Frères …

al-ʿĀs̲h̲ūrī al-Ḥusaynī al-Urmawī originated from Urmiya in western Persia. It is not known when he, or perhaps already his family before him, migrated to the Ottoman empire. Nor do we know much about his studies and career. He was apparently a protégé of the Grand Vizier Meḥmed Soḳullu (d. 987/1579) and of the influential K̲h̲ōd̲j̲a Saʿd al-Dīn [ q.v.] whom he ¶ praised as his benefactor in one of his works (Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish manuscripts in the British Museum , 53b, and H. Sohrweide in Der Islam , xlvi [1970], 292). In 1569 Selīm II appointed him as S̲h̲āhnāmed̲j̲i …

, a militant religious reformer of Muslim India, was the son of Muḥammad ʿIrfān and the 36th direct descendant of Haṣan, the son of ʿAlī. He was born on 6 Ṣafar 1201/28 Nov. 1786 at Bareilly (Brēlī), where he received his early education. He then went to Lucknow and after a few months’ stay there, he proceeded about 1219/1804 to Delhi, where he became a disciple of the famous divine S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz [ q.v.], the eldest son of S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh [ q.v.], and received formal ¶ instruction from his younger brother S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ q.v.]. About 1222/1807, he returned to Bareilly, where…

, Fatḥ al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Yaʿmurī al-Is̲h̲bīlī , biographer of the Prophet. The home of the distinguished scholarly family of the Ibn Sayyid al-Nās was in Seville, which they were forced to leave because of the unsettled political situation leading to the city’s conquest by the Christians in 646/1248. The grandfather, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, who was born in 597/1200-1, settled in Tūnis, where he died in Rad̲j̲ab 659/June 1261 (cf. al-D̲h̲ahabi, ʿIbar , v, 255). His son, Muḥammad, was born in D̲j̲umādā II 645/October 1247. He studie…

[see sayyid muḥammad ]. ¶

b. Ḳāsim (d. 1259/1844), the head and systematiser of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ī school of S̲h̲īʿism after Aḥmad al-Ahsāʾī [ q.v.]. The son of a merchant, Sayyid Kāẓim was born in Ras̲h̲t [ q.v.], in northern Persia, between 1194/1784 and 1214/1799-1800. Details of his early life are sparse and contradictory. Educated in Ras̲h̲t, he underwent mystical experiences and, somewhere between his mid-teens and early twenties (between 1809 and 1814?), became a pupil of al-Aḥsāʾī, then living in Yazd. He also studied under and received id̲j̲āzāt from other mud̲j̲tahids . The Sayyid soon came to hold …

, Indian Muslim poet, who wrote in Urdu under the pen-name of Akbar. Born in 1846 in Bāra, a small village near Allāhābād, he received a casual and desultory schooling. After several years’ practice as a lawyer, he spent many years of his life as a judge in the service of the British government, till his retirement in 1903. He died in Sept. 1921. His chief characteristic is his use of humour and satire to enforce his views on political and social subjects. The employment of jeux de mots, of which he made frequent and effective use, greatly added to his popular appeal. His command o…

, Abu ’l- Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-As̲h̲raf, Persian poet who died presumably in 556/1161. He spent the greater part of his life in G̲h̲azna as a panegyrist of the G̲h̲aznawid Sulṭān Bahrām S̲h̲āh (512-47/1118-52), to whose campaigns into India he dedicated several ḳaṣīdas . During the latter’s reign he made the Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ , in all probability prompted by problems with this mamdūḥ and intended as a search for a new one. Our oldest source on Ḥasan, the Persian polymath Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abu ’l- Ḥasan al-Bayhaḳī [ q.v.], mentions in his (Arabic) Lubāb al-ansāb (…

, Abū Hās̲h̲im Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad b. Yazīd b. Rabīʿa b. Mufarrig̲h̲, a S̲h̲īʿī poet and a grandson of the poet Ibn Mufarrig̲h̲ al-Ḥimyarī [ q.v.]. He was born to Ibāḍī parents about 105/723, grew up in Baṣra, and died in Bag̲h̲dād or Wāsiṭ between 173/789 and 179/795. At a young age, he adopted with great fervour the doctrine of the Kaysāniyya [ q.v.] S̲h̲īʿa, believing in the imāmate and occultation of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya [ q.v.] and his return as the Mahdī [ q.v.]. Twelver S̲h̲īʿī authorities, both mediaeval and modern, claim that he later converted to Imāmism ( tad̲j̲aʿfara …

[see hid̲j̲āʾ . iv. Urdu].

, Aḥmad , Egyptian scholar, statesman and writer, born in the village of Barḳayn, Daḳahliyya Province, on 15 January 1872 and died in Cairo on 5 March 1963. His family were rural gentry ( aʿyān ), and both his father, al-Sayyid Abū ʿAlī, and his grandfather were ʿumdas . He was educated in the traditional kuttāb , the government school in al-Manṣūra, the Khedivial Secondary School in Cairo and the School of Law in Cairo. The most significant intellectual contacts which he made at the School of Law were with Muḥammad ʿAbduh and Ḥ…

, poète musulman de l’Inde, qui écrivit en urdu sous le nom de plume d’Akbar. Né en 1846 à ¶ Bāra, petit village près d’Allāhābād, il reçut une instruction décousue. Après avoir été avoué pendant plusieurs années, il exerça longtemps les fonctions de juge au service du gouvernement britannique, jusqu’à sa retraite en 1903. Il mourut en sept. 1921. Sa caractéristique principale est l’emploi qu’il fait de l’humour et de la satire pour appuyer ses idées politiques et sociales. Les jeux de mots, dont il faisait avec succès un fréquent usage, contribuèrent b…