Jackson, Eleanor M. Jacobi, Friedrich H. Jacobs, Jan Jačov, Marko Jacquemet, Gabriel Jaeger, Lorenz Jager, Jean-Nicolas Jakim, Boris James i, King of England James, William Jansen, Henry Janssens, Laurent Janyshev, Ioann L. Janz, Oliver Jarret, Bede Jaurès, Jean Jebb, John Jedin, Hubert Jefferson, Thomas Jehle-Wildberger, Marianne Jenkins, Julian Jenkins, Philip Jennings, Michael W. Jennings, Robert Jerome Jewel, John Joachim ii of Constantinople Joachim iii of Constantinople Joachim iv of Constantinople Joan of Arc Job, G.V. Johansson, Gustaf John Cassian John Chrysostom Jo…

In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part II. Prehistory: The Challenges of Modernity previous chapter 1 Introduction: The Orthodox Christian World in the Modern Era One of the most important challenges facing the Orthodox Christian world has been the inevitable encounter with modernity in its many and peculiar facets. In historical terms, modernity initially originated in Western Europe in close connection with the radical transformations, also in the religious sphere, that took place there with the advent of the Reformatio…

Maas-Ewerd, Theodor Maas, Hermann Macarius (Ivanov) of Optina MacColl, Malcolm Macdonnell, Thomas Macfarland, Charles S. MacGaffey, Wyatt Machilek, Franz Mackay, Donald J. Mackay, John A. Mackay, William P. Mackie, Robert C. Maclagan, William MacLeod, Roy Macmillan, Arthur T. Mafwata Mahieu, Patrice Mai, Paul Mainardi, Adalberto Maire, Catherine Maistre, Joseph de Makrakis, Apostolos Makrides, Vasilios N. Maltsev, Alexei P. Mamalos, Georgios-Spyridon Mammana, Richard J. Jr. Mandouze, André Maniglier, Auguste Mann, Wendy Manning, Henry E. Manning, William T. Mansi, Giova…

In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part III. Beginnings: Movements Become a Movement previous chapter 1 The Ecumenical Movement: The Greatest and Most Valuable Effort Since the mid-19th century, the birth and development of the ecumenical movement have been inextricably intertwined with the historical circumstances that marked the emergence of the contemporary age, particularly with its tensions and crises. Furthermore, it may be argued that the ecumenical movement became one of the ways in which the churches responded to …

In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part II. Prehistory: The Challenges of Modernity previous chapter 1 Introduction In 1856, when Fr. Jean-Xavier (Ivan Sergeyevich) Gagarin, a Russian Orthodox who had converted to Catholicism and become a Jesuit, chose primary sources for the appendices of his book, La Russie sera-t-elle catholique?, he could only publish old texts: the decree of union of the Council of Florence (1439), Clement viii’s bull on the reunion of Russian bishops (1595), and Benedict xiv’s encyclical to missionaries assigned to the East, Allatae sunt (1755).1 The situation w…

In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part II. Prehistory: The Challenges of Modernity previous chapter 1 Introduction When war broke out, the editor of the Protestant journal Christianisme au XXe siècle, Paul Doumergue, wrote in sorrow: “For twenty centuries now, in our so-called Christian civilization, the church has preached: love one another. This is certainly an hour of mourning for all Christians.”1 War, by its very nature, seemed to widen the gaps between confessions as it did between nations. The Christian ideals of fraternity, charity, and unity found …

In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part II. Prehistory: The Challenges of Modernity previous chapter 1 Introduction The reunion conferences that were held in Bonn in 1874–1875 on the initiative and under the chairmanship of Ignaz von Döllinger are among the founding events of the modern ecumenical movement. These conferences were unique on account of their multilateral orientation and met with a wide response, especially in the English-speaking world. Since they were not followed up and failed to elicit any ecclesi…