, anti-Caliph, son of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.], of the ʿAbd al-ʿUzza clan of Ḳurays̲h̲, and Asmāʾ [ q.v.], daughter of Abū Bakr and sister of ʿĀʾis̲h̲a. He was born at Medina twenty months after the hid̲j̲ra (c. Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 2/May 624), and killed in battle against the Syrian troops under al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, 17 Ḏj̲umādā I or II, 73/4 Oct. or 3 Nov., 692. Some sources (Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif , 116; Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥabbar , 275; etc.) state that he was the first child born to the Muhād̲j̲irīn at Medina. The close kinship which linked him to the f…

[see ʿabd allāh b. al-zubayr ; muṣʿab b. al-zubayr ].

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Zubayr b. Bakkār … b. al-Zubayr b. al ʿAwwām , genealogist. He was born in Medina in 172/788. Falling foul of the ʿAlid faction he went to Bag̲h̲dād, where he is known to have been in 235/850. In 242/856 he was appointed ḳāḍī of Mecca and died there in 256/870. Over 30 titles of works by him are quoted but of them only two are extant: al-Muwaffaḳiyyāt , a collection of anecdotes compiled for Muwaffaḳ, son of the Caliph Mutawakkil, and the celebrated [ D̲j̲amharat ] Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲ wa-ak̲h̲bārhā . In spite of its fame the second half only of Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲ …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh or Abū ʿĪsā, son of the famous Companion of the Prophet al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.] and brother of the anti-caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.]. Handsome, chivalrous, generous to the utmost ¶ degree of prodigality, he resembled his older brother and the Zubayrid family only in his courage and outbursts of severity in repression. He began his military career at the outset of the caliphate of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, with an ill-conceived expedition in Palestine. His name has gone down in history chiefly owing to his campaign, in his capa…

b. al-ʿAwwām al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Asadī al-Madanī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, eminent traditionist, one of the Seven Jurists of Medina [see fuḳahāʾ al-madīna al-sabʿa , in Suppl.], founder of historical study in Islam. He was born in Medina, very likely in 23/643-4 and died there, probably in 93/711-2 or 94/712-13. He was the son of the eminent Companion al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.] and of Asmāʾ [ q.v.], daughter of the first caliph Abū Bakr ¶ and sister of the Prophet’s wife, ʿĀʾis̲h̲a. The countercaliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.], his full brother, was his senior by twenty years. The following att…

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muṣʿab , Abū ʿAbd Allāh, author of ak̲h̲bār works which combine belles-lettres and history and belong to the oldest preserved books in this field. He was born in 172/788-9 at Medina. As a descendant of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.] he was ¶ a prominent member of the illustrious Zubayrī family. When he died at Mecca in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 256/October 870, he had been ḳāḍī of the Holy City for the previous one and a half decades. His grandfather was a close associate of the caliph al-Mahdī and was appointed governor of Medina by …

b. K̲h̲uwaylid , Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Asadī, one of the most eminent Companions of Muḥammad, known by the surname Ḥawārī (a Geʿez loanword) Rasūl Allāh (“the Disciple or Apostle of the Messenger of God”). He is one of the ten Companions to whom Paradise was promised by the Prophet ( al-ʿas̲h̲ara al-mubas̲h̲s̲h̲ara [ q.v.] or al-mubas̲h̲s̲h̲arūn al-d̲j̲anna ) and a member of the s̲h̲ūrā [ q.v.] appointed by the dying caliph ʿUmar b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb to elect his successor. The name al-Zubayr is derived from al-zabr, ṭayy al-bīʾr bi ’l-ḥid̲j̲āra , casing of …

, as patronymic of converts [see ism ].

b. al-Aswad al-ʿAdawī , was, together with ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥanẓala [ q.v.], one of the chiefs of the revolt against the caliph Yazīd I in Medīna. When he saw that after the accession of Yazīd the Umayyad government was rousing increasing opposition, Ibn Muṭīʿ ¶ proposed to leave Medīna, but ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar [ q.v.] advised him to remain, and he gave in to Ibn ʿUmar’s arguments. When the inhabitants of Medīna revolted against the new caliph, he became the leader of the Ḳurays̲h̲ite elements in the city and took part in the battle of the Ḥarra in Ḏh̲u…

al-Salūlī , Arab poet of the 1st/7th century (he is said to have died after 96/715), who played a political role under the Umayyads. He was attached from 60/680 to Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya, condoled with him upon the death of his father and congratulated him at his accession. He persuaded Yazīd to proclaim his son Muʿāwiya as heir presumptive and later he was the first to greet al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik with the name of caliph (86/705). During the reign of ʿAbd al-Malik (65-86/685-…

al-Sulamī , governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. On the first expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir [ q.v.] into Ḵh̲urāsān in 31/651-2, Ibn Ḵh̲āzim commanded the advance-guard which occupied Sarak̲h̲s. According to some accounts, he put down a rebellion led by Ḳārin in 33/653-4 and was-rewarded with the governorship of the province, but this is probably an anticipation of the events of 42/662. During Ibn ʿĀmir’s second governorship of Baṣra (41/661), Ḳays b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Sulamī was appointed to Ḵh̲urāsān, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḵ…

, reputed founder of the S̲h̲īʿa. Also called Ibn al-Sawdāʾ, Ibn Ḥarb, Ibn Wahb. "Sabaʾ" appears also as Sabāʾ; the name of the associated sect appears as Sabaʾiyya, Sabāʾiyya, or, corrupted, as Sabāyiyya, Sabābiyya. In the Sunnī account he was a Yamanite Jew converted to Islam, who about the time of ʿAlī first introduced the ideas ascribed to the more extreme wing of the S̲h̲īʿa [ g̲h̲ulāt , q.v.]. Especially attributed to him is the exaltation of ʿAlī himself: that ʿAlī stood to Muḥammad as divinely appointed heir, as Joshua did to Moses (the wiṣāya doctrine); tha…

, client of the family of al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Rabīʿa al-Mak̲h̲zūmī (Ibn al-Zubayr’s governor in Baṣra, cf. al-Ṭabarī, index), known in the Twelver S̲h̲īʿite literature as a transmitter of traditions from Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ (al-Kulīnī, Ibn Bābūya, al-Ṭūsī, passim, cf. Ivanow, Alleged Founder , 11-60; see also the S̲h̲īʿite books of rid̲j̲āl : al-Kas̲h̲s̲h̲ī, Maʿrifat Ak̲h̲bār al-Rid̲j̲āl , 160; al-Nad̲j̲ās̲h̲ī, al-Rid̲j̲āl , 148; al-Ṭūsī, Fihrist , 197; he appears also in Sunnī books of rid̲j̲āl: al-Ḏh̲ahabī, Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl , ii, 81, who q…

b. ʿAmr b. Ḥarām b. Kaʿb b. G̲h̲anm b. Salima , Abū ʿAbd Allāh (or Abu ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, or Abū Muḥammad) al-Salamī al-K̲h̲azrad̲j̲ī al-Anṣārī , Companion of the Prophet. His father, ʿAbd Allāh, was one of the seventy men of Aws and Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ who gave the Prophet the oath of allegiance at the ʿAḳaba Meeting [see al-ʿaḳaba ] and committed themselves to defend him. His father is also recorded in the list of the twelve nuḳabāʾ , the chosen group from among the seventy; D̲j̲ābir himself had attended the Meeting as a very young boy, and is therefore cou…

(frequently Ibn ʿAbbās, without the article), Abu l-ʿAbbās, called al-Ḥibr ‘the doctor’ or al-Baḥr ‘the sea’, because of his doctrine, is considered one of the greatest scholars, if not the greatest, of the first generation of Muslims. He was the father of Ḳurʾanic exegesis; at a time when it was necessary to bring the Ḳurʾān into accord with the new demands of a society which had undergone a profound transformation, he appears to have been extremely skilful in accomplishing this task. He was born three years before the hid̲j̲ra, when the Hās̲h̲imite family was living shut u…

, God the Unique one, the Creator and Lord of the Judgment, polarizes the thought of Islam; He is the sole reason for its existence. ¶ Allāh was known to the pre-Islamic Arabs; he was one of the Meccan deities, possibly the supreme deity and certainly a creator-god (cf. Ḳurʾān, xiii, 16; xxix, 61, 63; xxxi, 25; xxxix, 38; xliii, 87). He was already known, by antonomasia, as the God, al-Ilāh (the most likely etymology; another suggestion is the Aramaic Alāhā ).—For Allāh before Islam, as shown by archaeological sources and the Ḳurʾān, see ilāh . But the vague notion of supreme (not sole) di…

, Abū Bakr, Baṣran theologian who lived in the first half of the 3rd/9th century. He is possibly identical with S̲h̲abīb al-Baṣrī, “one of the bestknown ascetics of his community and among the leading sages of his period” whom the Jewish mutakallim Dāwūd b. Marwān al-Muḳammiṣ reports defeating in a debate in Damascus. He was influenced by the Murd̲j̲iʾī Abū S̲h̲amir al-Ḥanafī and his school, but he studied with al-Naẓẓām [ q.v.] and is therefore frequently called a Muʿtazilī. Al-Māturīdī extensively quotes a book of his, apparently the K. al-Tawhīd , in which Ib…

, governor of Baṣra, was born in Mecca in 4/626. He belonged to the Ḳurays̲h̲ite clan of ʿAbd S̲h̲ams and was a maternal cousin of the caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān. In 29/649-50 he was appointed by ʿUt̲h̲mān to the governorship of Baṣra, in succession to Abū Mūsā al-As̲h̲ʿarī, and immediately took the field in Fārs, completing the conquest of that province by the capture of Iṣṭak̲h̲r, Darābd̲j̲ird and Ḏj̲ūr (Fīrūzābād). In 30-31/651 he advanced into Ḵh̲urāsān, defeated the Ephthalites, and occupied the whol…

[see ibn al-abbār ; ibn al-k̲h̲aṭīb ; ibn mālik ].

[see ibn masʿūd ].