, nisba Ṭāʾī, an Arab tribe, which like others such as al-Azd and Kinda, emigrated from the Arabian south and settled in the north, in the plateau of S̲h̲ammar [ q.v.], which contained the two ranges Ad̲j̲aʾ and Salmā, called after the tribe D̲j̲abalā Ṭayyiʾ As a result of their occupation of S̲h̲ammar, the north Arab tribe of Asad lost some of its territory but the two tribes fraternised and were called “the two allies”, al-Ḥalīfān. The two main subdivisions of the tribe were al-G̲h̲awth and D̲j̲adīla, part of whom lived on…

, Yaḥyā b. Ḥamīd al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār al-Ḥalabī (575/1180- ca. 625-30/1228-33), an important S̲h̲īʿī historian of Aleppo, and in particular the author of a universal History, Maʿādin al-d̲h̲ahab fi taʾrīk̲h̲ al-mulūk wa ’l-k̲h̲ulafāʾ wa d̲h̲awi ’l-ratab , which even the Sunnī writers, whether or not they acknowledge the fact, were unable to refrain from utilizing. Important extracts from it are to be found preserved in the History of Ibn al-Furāt [ q.v.] and the Rawḍatayn of Abū S̲h̲āma [ q.v.], dealing with the first three-quarters of the 6th/12th century; it was known also …

, a well in Nad̲j̲d in the territory of Asad or their neighbours Ṭayyiʾ (cf. Mufaḍḍalīyāt , 361, n. 3). The forces of the Banū Asad, who, led by the false prophet Ṭulayḥa, had relapsed from Islam on Muḥammad’s death, were defeated at Buzāk̲h̲a in 11/632 by Abū Bakr’s general Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd. Ḵh̲ālid’s army was reinforced for the battle by 1000 men of Ṭayyiʾ, detached from Ṭulayḥa’s side; Ṭulayḥa had the help of ʿUyayna b. Ḥiṣn and 700 men from Fazāra of G̲h̲aṭafān, old allies of Asad’s…

, or b. Kaʿb, b. K̲h̲alaf, Abū Ḳurrān, al-G̲h̲anawī (G̲h̲anī being a clan of Ḳays ʿAylān), also designated al-Muḥabbir and Ṭufayl al-K̲h̲ayl on account of the prominence which he accorded the horse in his descriptive verses, pre-Islamic poet, apparently of a middle D̲j̲āhilī floruit, and of an age with Aws b. Ḥad̲j̲ar. He often vies with this latter for originary status of the “inter-tribal chain of ruwāt ” (for which designation, see J.E. Montgomery, The deserted encampment in ancient Arabic poetry: a nexus of topical comparisons, in JSS, xl [1995], 283-316), which stretched in a…

, a common old Arab proper name (more rarely T̲h̲aʿlab) and eponym of a number of subdivisions of the larger tribal divisions of ancient Arabia. Thus we have the T̲h̲aʿlaba b. ʿUḳāba of the great tribe of Bakr b. Wāʾil (Yamāma as far as Baḥrayn); the T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Saʿd b. D̲h̲ubyān of the tribe of G̲h̲aṭafān in the Nafūd region; the T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Yarbūʿ of the tribe of Tamīm; the T̲h̲aʿālib Ṭayyiʾ clans of the Ṭayyiʾ [ q.v.]. A T̲h̲aʿlaba b. ʿAmr b. Mud̲j̲ālid is mentioned as the first phylarch of the G̲h̲assānid dynasty [see g̲h̲assān ]. The “Roman Arabs of the house…

, the two main ranges of the central Arabian mountain group of Ḏj̲abalā Ṭayyiʾ, modern al-Ḏj̲abal. An old tale of the type of “metamorphosis as punishment for sin” is attached to them; the tale is connected with reality insofar as Ad̲j̲aʾ and Salmā occur in Old Arabic and in early North Arabic dialects as personal names.—According to Ibn al-Kalbī’s “Book of Idols”, and one of the two versions in the Ḏj̲amhara by the same author, the God Fals/Fils/Fulus was worshipped in the guise of one of the cliffs of Ad̲j̲aʾ. This cult is probably of great…

, an important settlement in Nad̲j̲d during mediaeval times, now a village, situated in lat. 27° 8’ N. and long 42° 28’ E. It lies on a plain in the borderlands between the two regions of the D̲j̲abal S̲h̲ammar to the north-west and al-Ḳaṣīm [ q.v.] to the south-east, some 80 miles/130 km. south-east of Ḥāʾil [ q.v.]. The early Islamic geographers locate it in the territory where the pasture grounds of the B. Ṭayyiʾ and the B. Asad marched together, near to the frequently-mentioned “two mountains of Ṭayyiʾ”, sc. Salmā and Ad̲j̲āʾ. Bakrī, followed by Samhūdī, describes it as a famous ḥimā [ q.v.] o…

, name of one of the legendary extinct tribes of the Arabs, al-ʿarab al-bāʾida . These tribes are genealogically directly linked up to Biblical genealogies and thus precede the split into Northern and Southern Arabs, symbolised by the eponyms “Adnān ¶ and Ḳaḥṭān. According to one of our earliest sources, Ibn al-Kalbī [ q.v.], Ṭasm’s relationship to the other tribes (in small capitals) is as follows: (see W. Caskel, Ǧamharat an-nasab , Leiden 1966, i, 40, which see also for the vocalisation of “Immīm”; and cf. Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥabbar , ed. I. Lichtenstädter, Ḥaydarābād 1361/1942, 384; Ibn Ḥazm, Ḏ…

(Muḥ. b. ʿAlī b. Muḥ., Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Tanūk̲h̲ī. called~) (483/1090-post 556/1161), chronicler of Aleppo. A full but dry universal history—mainly Syrian—by him, which extends to the year 538/1143-44 (published by me—from the year 455/1063—in J A , 1938, 353-448), has come down to us, but in addition, he composed above all a great History of Aleppo which was used copiously especially by Kamāl al-Dīn b. al-ʿAdīm and Ibn Abī Ṭayyī (the latter up to 556/1161). The interest of the portions of al-ʿAẓimi’s work which have been prese…

, Banū , better known in the sources as the Āl Muhannā, an Arab Bedouin branch of the Banū Rabīʿa, descendants of a minor line of the D̲j̲arrāḥ family, who in return belonged to the larger tribe of Ṭayyiʾ. In genealogical terms, Ṭayyiʾ was part of Ḳaḥṭān, and consequently the Banū Muhannā were treated as Yamanī in their general allegiance. It is known that Ṭayyiʾ, who were well-established in southern Bilād al-S̲h̲ām, formed part of the Ḳarāmiṭa [see ḳarmaṭī ] army, which in 360/971 took over al-Ramla [ q.v.] in Palestine. The Ṭayyiʾ’s power increased to the extent that they were a…

, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. ʿAlī al-Miṣrī al-Ḥanafī (735-807/1334-1405), Egyptian historian, author of a vast universal history, Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-duwal wa ’l-mulūk , of which he finished completely only the volumes covering the years after 500/1106-7. The majority of the fragments which survive (mainly in Vienna) are autographs and the work does not seem to have been much copied, or indeed much valued in its own time (perhaps because of suspicions concerning its style and orthodoxy), a…

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd al-Ṭāʾī , Abū Ṭarīf , Companion of the Prophet, and subsequently a follower of ʿAlī. Son of the celebrated poet Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī [ q.v.], and, like him, a Christian, he had inherited the command of his tribe from his father, but when threatened with the loss of it he became converted to Islam, in 9 or 10/630-1, and collected the taxes of Ṭayyiʾ and Asad. After the death of the Prophet he remained faithful to Islam, and prevented his tribe from apostatizing during the ridda . Later on he took part in the conquest of ʿIrāḳ, and received from ʿUt…

, meaning in Arabic “tall”, or “proud”, the name of at least four persons from the 1st century of the Hid̲j̲ra. On the basis of al-Āmidī’s (d. 370/980) Muʾtalif Cairo 1381/1961, ʿIzzat Ḥasan’s Introduction to the Dīwān of al-Ṭirimmāḥ b. Ḥakīm (2 Aleppo and Beirut 1414/1994) and, above all, Salīm al-Nuʿaymī’s article al-Ṭirimmāḥ , in Publics . of the Arab Academy , Bag̲h̲dād (1964), 401-22, four persons of this name can be disentangled: 1. al-Ṭirimmāḥ al-Akbar , or Ḳaʿḳaʿ b. Nafr or Ibn Ḳays al-Ṭāʾī, the paternal uncle of al-Ṭirimmāḥ al-Ḥakīm or rat…

, opponent of Muḥammad at Medina, reckoned to belong to his mother’s clan al-Naḍīr, though his father was an Arab of the Nabhān section of Ṭayyiʾ. He presumably followed the Jewish custom of taking his religion from his mother, but it is doubtful if he was a scholar, as the words in a poem sayyid al-aḥbār (Ibn His̲h̲ām, 659, 12) would imply, if the poem were genuine. Aroused by the deaths of many leading Meccans at Badr, he went to Mecca and used his considerable poetic gifts (he is called faḥl faṣiḥ in K. al-Ag̲h̲ānī ) to incite Ḳurays̲h̲ to fight the Muslims. On hi…

, also known to the Crusaders, like his father, under the name Sulaymān/Soliman, son of Sulaymān b. Ḳutlumus̲h̲ [ q.v.], second Sald̲j̲ūḳ prince of Asia Minor. At an early age, he was in Antioch when his father was killed in battle fighting Tutus̲h̲ [ q.v.], and he was handed over as a hostage to Malik-S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] who conquered Syria in 1086. On the death of the latter (1092) he managed to escape, and arrived in Nicaea, his father’s former residence, where he seems without much difficulty to have had himself accepted as sovereign by the semi-auton…

, an Arab poet and contemporary of the Prophet. A son of Zubayr b. Abī Sulmā [ q.v.], he seems to have given proof of his poetic talent at an early age; although belonging to the Muzayna, he lived with the D̲h̲ubyān and was involved in the wars of his tribe against the Ṭayyiʾ, the Ḳurays̲h̲ and the K̲h̲azrad̲j̲. His brother Bud̲j̲ayr was converted shortly before year 7 of the Hid̲j̲ra , but he refused vehemently to follow suit and wrote some satirical verses attacking Muḥammad. The latter officially sanctioned his murder. From that day, “the e…

, demonstrative forms based on the demonstrative element d̲h̲ . The variety of their uses precludes these forms from being regarded as a single declined word; thus: D̲h̲ū was the relative pronoun, invariable, of the Ṭayyiʾ; corresponding to the Hebrew zū , the poetic form of the relative pronoun. Ḏh̲ī forms part of the masc. relative pronoun allad̲h̲ī ; but allatī in the feminine. The opposition d̲h̲/ t marks the gender. Corresponding to d̲h̲ī are the Aramaic biblical relative, invariable, dī ( de in syr.), the Geez masc. demonstrative ze, acc. za. D̲h̲ā masc. sin…

, ḥanzala b. al-s̲h̲arḳī , Muk̲h̲aḍram Arab poet, considered to be one of those endowed with an unduly long life (al-Sid̲j̲istānī, K. al-Muʿammarīn , ed. Goldziher, in Abh. zur arab . Philologie , ii, 62, asserts that he lived 200 years). During the D̲j̲ahiliyya he led the life of a brigand or ṣuʿlūk [ q.v.] and of a libertine (especially, at Mecca, in the company of al-Zubayr b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib), and he does not seem to have altered his ways in any measure after his conversion to Islam. He is said to have been killed at Ad̲j̲nādayn [ q.v.] in 13/634, but F. Bustānī ( DM, iv, 408-9) believes that ¶ he …

, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, author of historical works ( ak̲h̲bārī ) born at Kūfa ca. 120/738 in a family originally from Manbid̲j̲, died at Fam al-Ṣilḥ in 206, 207 or 209/821, 822, or 824. Of his life it is known only that he attended the ʿAbbāsid court more or less regularly from the reign of al-Manṣūr to that of al-Ras̲h̲īd, that he was imprisoned by the latter after a criticism of al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib that his wife’s family had slanderously attributed to him, and that al-Amīn …

(not Ḥāzim, see ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, Ḵh̲izānat al-adab 1, ii, 262) the most considerable pre-Islamic poet of the Banū Asad b. Ḵh̲uzayma in the second half of the sixth century. al-Farazdaḳ, Dīwān (ed. Ṣāwī) 721, mentions him amongst his predecessors. Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlāʾ counts him among the classics ( fuḥūl ). His poems were collected by al-Aṣmaʿī and Ibn al-Sikkīt ( Fihrist 158, 6). Abū ʿUbayda wrote a commentary on his Dīwān which was utilised by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir l.c. ii, 262, 4. The Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , Nrs. 96-99 ed. Lyall, contain four poems of Bis̲h̲r; the last o…