Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

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Arrān

(1,116 words)

Author(s): Frye, R.N.
The name is usually applied in Islamic times to the district in Transcaucasia between the Kur (Kura) and Aras (Araks) Rivers. In pre-Islamic times, however, the term was used for all of eastern Transcaucasia (present Soviet Azerbaijan), i.e. Classical Albania (cf. article “Albania” in Pauly-Wissowa). By the 15th century A.D. the name Arrān was not in common parlance, for the territory was absorbed into Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. The origin of the name Arrān, Georgian Rani , Greek ’Αλβανοὶ, and Armenian Alwankʿ (people), is unknown. (In some Classical aut…

Baylaḳān

(63 words)

Author(s): Dunlop, D.M.
, an ancient town in Arrān (Albania) S. of the Caucasus, said to have been founded by the Sāsānid Ḳubād. Baylaḳān was the scene of incidents in the second Arab-Ḵh̲azar war, and in 112/730 the Muslim general Saʿīd b. ʿAmr al-Ḥaras̲h̲ī won an important victory there over the Ḵh̲azars. (D.M. Dunlop) Bibliography D. M. Dunlop, History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton 1954.

Yūsuf b. Abi ’l-Sād̲j̲ Dīwdād

(102 words)

Author(s): Ed,
, Abu l-Ḳāsim, commander of Transoxanian Iranian origin who acted as governor of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, Arrān and Armenia for the ʿAbbāsid caliphs 288-315/901-28 as part of the short-lived line of Sād̲j̲id governors there established by his brother Muḥammad in 276/189-90. He was killed in batde near Kūfa by the Ḳarāmiṭa or Carmathians [see Ḳarmaṭī ] in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 315/ February 928, the last effective governor of his line in northwestern Persia. For details of his career, see sād̲j̲ids . (Ed.) Bibliography See that for sād̲j̲ids, and add C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic dynasties, E…

S̲h̲addādids

(1,405 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
or Banū S̲h̲addād , a minor dynasty of Arrān and eastern Armenia which flourished from the 4th/10th to the 6th/12th century ( ca. 340-570/ ca. 951-1174), with a main line in Gand̲j̲a and Dwīn [ q.vv.] and a junior, subsequent one in Ānī [ q.v.] which persisted long after the end of the main branch under Sald̲j̲ūḳ and latterly Ildeñizid suzerainty. There seems no reason to doubt the information in the history of the later Ottoman historian Müned̲j̲d̲j̲im Bas̲h̲i̊ that the S̲h̲addādids were in origin Kurdish. Their ethnicity was complicated by the fact that…

Bād̲j̲arwān

(150 words)

Author(s): Dunlop, D.M.
, (1) A town and fortress in Mūḳān (Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān) lying S. of the river Aras (Araxes), between Ardabīl and Bard̲h̲aʿa in Arrān. Bād̲j̲arwān is mentioned several times in the accounts of the Muslim conquest. Its capture by al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲ b. Ḳays al-Kindī seems to have been the signal for the final collapse of resistance throughout the province (Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ , 326). It was occupied by Saʿīd b. ʿAmr al-Ḥaras̲h̲ī during his campaign against the Ḵh̲azars in 112/730 (D. M. Dunlop, History of the Jewish Khazars , Princeton 1954, 72-74). After the Umayya…

Andarāb

(189 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
"between the waters", a frequent toponymic in Iranian countries. (1) A district in northern Afg̲h̲ānistān watered by the river Andarāb and its tributary Kāsān, al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī 279 (Andarāba). Its present centre is Banū, see Burhān Kūsk̲h̲akī. Ḳattag̲h̲ān wa-Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān , Russian transl., Tashkent 1926, 28-34. The Ḵh̲āwak pass connects it with the silver-mines of Pand̲j̲hīr (Pand̲j̲s̲h̲īr). The mint of Andarāb was used by several dynasties, and especially by the local Abū Dāwūdids (coins 264-310/877-922), see R. Vasmer in Wien. Num. Zeit ., 1924, 48-6…

Gand̲j̲a

(976 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Boyle, J.A.
Arab. d̲j̲anza , the former Elizavetpol , now Kirovabad , the second largest town in the Azerbaijan S.S.R. ¶ The town was first founded under Arab rule, in 245/859 according to the Ta’rīk̲h̲ Bāb al-abwāb (V. Minorsky,A History of Sharvān and Darband , Cambridge 1958, 25 and 57). It is not mentioned by the oldest Arabic geographers like Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih and Yaʿḳūbī; it seems to have taken its name from the pre-Muslim capital of Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān (now the ruins of Tak̲h̲t-i-Sulaymān). Iṣṭak̲h̲rī. 187 and 193, mentions Gand̲j̲a only as a small town on the road from Bard̲h̲aʿa [ q.v.] to Tif…

Ḳarā Bāg̲h̲

(478 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
(Turkish-Persian “black garden”, allegedly because of the fertility of its upland valleys, but this is probably a folk etymology), the recent name of the mountainous region lying to the north of the middle course of the Araxes River in Transcaucasia, corresponding to the southern part of the mediaeval Islamic Arrān [ q.v.]. The mountains of Ḳarābāg̲h̲ rise to over 12,000 feet, and the modern population (mostly Armenian, with some S̲h̲īʿī Azeri Turks) is concentrated in the deep valleys. The original Armenian princes of Artzak̲h̲ were dispossessed after the Sald̲j̲ūḳ drive…

Tsak̲h̲ur

(324 words)

Author(s): Smeets, H.J.A.J.
, a Lezgian people of eastern Caucasia, Sunnī Muslims and numbering about 25,000. Their self-designation is Yik̲h̲bi, but others call them after the Tsʾäk̲h̲ village. That name dates back to the 7th century, when the Tsak̲h̲ur probably formed part of Arrān [ q.v.] (Caucasian Albania). They accepted Islam in the 10th-11th centuries. Their societies united into a sultanate in the 15th century. This Elisuyskoe sultanstvo , as it was called in the 18th century, ended in the next century with its incorporation into Tsarist Russia. The Tsak̲h̲ur. whose main occupation has been transhu…

Kur

(302 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Savory, R.M.
, the largest river in the Caucasus (according to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Ḳazwīnī, 200 farsak̲h̲ s = nearly 800 miles in length). The Ḳur, known as Cyrus to the Greeks; Nahr al-Kurr to the Arabs; Kura to the Russians (said to be derived from a-kuara, “river”, in the Abk̲h̲āzī tongue); and Mtkvari to the Georgians (said to be derived from mdinaré , “river” in the Kartlian dialect), rises in Georgia south of Ardahani (west of Ḳārṣ in the Poso district), and flows northwards to Akhaltzikhé, where it turns east (see map in V. Minorksy, A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries, Cambridg…

Sād̲j̲ids

(1,278 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, a line of military commanders who governed the northwestern provinces of the caliphate (Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. Arrān and Armenia) in the later 3rd/9th and early 4th/10th centuries on behalf of the ʿAbbāsids. The Sād̲j̲ids were just some of several commanders, originally from the Iranian East and Central Asia, who came westwards to serve in the early ʿAbbāsid armies. The family seems to have originated in Us̲h̲rūsana [ q.v.] on the middle Syr Darya in Transoxania, the region where the Afs̲h̲īns [ q.v.] were hereditary princes until at least the end of the 3rd/9th century, and w…

K̲h̲āṣṣ Beg

(263 words)

Author(s): Sümer, F.
or Arslan Beg b. Balangirī (d. 547 or 548/1153), Turkmen amīr under the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳs of ʿIrāḳ and western Persia. The name K̲h̲āṣṣ Beg seems to have been bestowed on him because of his favoured position under Sulṭān Masʿūd b. Muḥammad (529-47/1134-52); it is used in similar contexts in the works of D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī and in the Kitāb Dede Ḳorḳut . During the latter years of Masʿūd’s reign, K̲h̲āṣṣ Beg secured an ascendancy in the state, disposing of such rivals as Tog̲h̲a Yürek’s son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, governor of Arrān (541/1147)…

al-Ḳabḳ

(11,847 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | MacKenzie, D.N.
, D̲j̲abal al-Ḳabḳ (the most common rendering), al-Ḳabk̲h̲ ( e.g., Masʿūdī) or al-Ḳabd̲j̲ ( e.g. Ṭabarī, Yāḳūt), Turkish Kavkaz, the name given by the Muslims to the Caucasus Mountains. The form ḳabḳ may derive from Middle Persian kāfkōh “the mountain of Kāf”, Armenian kapkoh ; in Firdawsī we find the Caucasus called kūh-i ḳāf (Hübschmann, Armenische Grammatik , i, 45, cf. Marquart, Ērānšahr , 94). A village called Ḳabḳ is also mentioned by Ibn Rusta, 173, tr. Wiet, 201, as being the first stage on the road from Harāt to Isfizār and Sīstān. 1. Topography and ethnology. The Caucasus became k…

Asadī

(388 words)

Author(s): Massé, H.
This poetical name ( tak̲h̲alluṣ ) is probably that of two poets born at Ṭūs (Ḵh̲urāsān): abū naṣr aḥmad b. manṣūr al-ṭūsī and his son ʿali b. aḥmad . According to the extremely doubtful statement of Dawlats̲h̲āh, the father was the pupil of Firdūsī (born ca. 320-2/932-4), while the epic composed by ʿAlī b. Aḥmad is precisely dated 458/1066; H. Ethé concludes from this that it is impossible to attribute to the same author the works placed under the name of Asadī. Thus Abū Naṣr, about whom it is only known that he died during the rule of Masʿūd al-G̲h̲aznawī. becomes the author of the Munāẓarāt

Pahlawān

(340 words)

Author(s): Zetterstéen, K.V.
, Muḥammad b. Ilden̄iz , Nuṣrat al-Dīn , Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān in the later 6th/12th century. His father Ildeñiz [ q.v.] had in course of time risen to be the real ruler in the Sald̲j̲ūḳ empire; the widow of Sultan Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] was Pahlawān’s mother and Arslān b. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] his step-brother. In the fighting between Ildeñiz and the lord of Marāg̲h̲a, Ibn Aḳsunḳur al-Aḥmadīlī, Pahlawān played a prominent part [see marāg̲h̲a ]. From his father he inherited in 568/1172-3 Arrān, Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, al-D̲j̲ibāl, Hamad̲h̲ān, Iṣfahān and…

Falakī S̲h̲irwānī

(361 words)

Author(s): Hasan, Hadi
, Muḥammad Falakī, poetastronomer of S̲h̲irwān and pupil of K̲h̲āḳānī, is the author of a lost dīwān of Persian poetry, of which 1512 verses have been recovered and published. Falakī lived 49 years, ca. 501/1108 - ca. 550/1155 and like Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ and K̲h̲āḳānī was a courtpoet of the S̲h̲irwāns̲h̲āh Abu ’l-Hayd̲j̲ā Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Minūčihr II, who succeeded his father Farīdūn I on the throne of S̲h̲irwān in 514/1120 and ruled for 37 years until c. 551/1156. The statement of his contemporary K̲h̲āḳānī, that Falakī’s life was short-lived and that Manūčihr II ruled for 30…

Bard̲h̲aʿa

(1,076 words)

Author(s): Dunlop, D.M.
, Armenian Partav, modern Barda, a town S. of the Caucasus, formerly capital of Arrān, the ancient Albania. It lies about 14 miles from the ¶ R. Kūr (2 or 3 farsak̲h̲s according to the Arabic geographers; Masʿūdī says inaccurately 3 miles, Murūd̲j̲ , h, 75) on a river of its own (Muḳaddasī, 375), the modern Terter (T̲h̲art̲h̲ūr, Yāḳūt, Buldān , i, 560). It was built, according to Balād̲h̲urī (194), by the Sāsānid Ḳubād (ruled A.D. 488-531). This is varied by Dimis̲h̲ḳī ( Cosmographie , ed. Mehren, 189), who mentions as founder a mythical Bard̲h̲aʿa b. Armī…

Ildeñizids or Eldigüzids

(1,977 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, a line of Atabegs or Turkish slave commanders who governed most of northwestern Persia, including Arrān, most of Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān, and D̲j̲ibāl, during the second half of the 6th/12th century and ¶ the early decades of the 7th/13th. Down to the death in battle in 590/1194 of Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l b. Arslan, last of the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳs of Iraq and Persia, the Ildeñizids ruled as theoretical subordinates of the Sultans, acknowledging this dependence on their coins almost down to the end of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs. Thereafter, they were in effec…

S̲h̲akkī

(2,255 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Bosworth, C.E.
, a district in Eastern Transcaucasia. In Armenian it is called S̲h̲akʿē, in Georgian S̲h̲akʿa (and S̲h̲akik̲h̲?); the Arabs write S̲h̲akkay = S̲h̲akʿē (Ibn K̲h̲urradād̲h̲bih, 123, al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī, 183, al-Balād̲h̲urī, 206), S̲h̲akkī (Yāḳūt, iii, 311), S̲h̲akkan (Ibn al-Faḳīh, 293, al-Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ , 194), S̲h̲akīn (al-Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲ ii, 68-9 = § 500). The usual boundaries of S̲h̲akkī were: on the east, the Gök-čay which separates it from S̲h̲īrwān [ q.v.] proper; on the west, the Alazan (Turk. Ḳani̊ḳ?) and its left tributary the Ḳas̲h̲ḳa-čay, which separ…

S̲h̲īz

(539 words)

Author(s): Ruska, J. | Bosworth, C.E.
, the name of a very old Persian fire-temple, a place or district to the south-east of Lake Urmiya in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, said to be the native place of Zoroaster. According to A.V.W. Jackson, the name is said to be derived from the Avestan name of Lake Urmiya, Čaēčasta; according to Yāḳūt, it is an Arabic corruption of Ḏj̲azn or Gazn , i.e. Kanzaka or Gazaca of the classical writers or Gand̲j̲ak of the Pahlavi texts. The older geographers correctly consider the two places and names to be distinct. The Arab traveller Abū Dulaf [ q.v.] visited S̲h̲īz en route for Daylam and then Ād̲h̲arbāyd…
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