, eminent Ottoman jurist, Ṣūfī and rebel. Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Ḳāḍī Samāwnā was born in 760 AH/3 Dec. 1358 in Samāwnā (which corresponds to the former Greek εἰς ’Αμμόβουνον near Adrianople). He was the eldest son of the judge G̲h̲āzī Isrāʾīl, who was one of the oldest fighters for the faith of his time, and traced his ancestrjy back to the Sald̲j̲ūḳs. His mother was Greek, and took the name Melek after her conversion to Islam. Badr al-Dīn spent his youth in Adrianople (which had been conquered in spring 1361). He was taught the basis of Islamic religion and law by his father and, later on, by the jurists Yūsuf and S̲h̲āhidī. His subsequent studies took him to Brusa, in the company of his friend Mūsā Čelebi, better known as Ḳāḍīzāde-i Rūmī, a brilliant mathematician and astronomer. Up to 1381, he studied logic and astronomy in Konya under a certain Fayḍ Allāh. After that, Badr al-Dīn went to Jerusalem, where he worked under the otherwise not particularly well known Ibn al-ʿAṣkalānī (not the famous Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAskalānī), then he went to Cairo, attracted by the teaching of such famous scholars as Mubāraks̲h̲āh al-Manṭiḳī, the physician Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Pas̲h̲a, the philosopher and lawyer ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Sayyid al-S̲h̲arīf al-D̲j̲urd̲j̲ānī, and a certain ʿAbd al-Laṭīf. In about 1383, Badr al-Dīn went on the pilgrimage to Mecca. After his return to Cairo, the Mamlūk sultan Barḳūḳ appointed him as tutor to his son Farad̲j̲, who was to succeed him. By some fateful chance, Badr al-Dīn met the Ṣūfī S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusayn Ak̲h̲lāṭī at the Mamlūk court, and under his overpowering influence he (a former opponent of the Ṣūfīs) himself accepted Ṣūfism. After some years of monastic life in Cairo, Badr al-Dīn travelled to Tabrīz in 1402-3—possibly attracted by the fame of the Ṣafawiyya in Ardabīl— and there he came to the notice of Tīmūr Lang, who had just returned from Anatolia and attempted to take Badr al-Dīn with him to Central Asia. This he avoided by fleeing. He became S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of lus monastery and successor to Ḥusayn Ak̲h̲lātī (who had died in the meantime), but as a result of differences with his brethren he decided to leave Cairo and under take a missionary journey to Asia Minor and Rumelia. He succeeded in gaining the sympathy of the princes o…

, an appellation of members of a family of religious scholars from Damascus called so after an ancestor who had been ḳāḍī of S̲h̲uhba in Ḥawrān. 1. The most widely known member of this family is Abū Bakr b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar , Taḳī al-Dīn, known as an author of biographical works, although his main reputation during his lifetime rested on fiḳh . He was born in 779/1377, and he died suddenly and painlessly in 851/1448. His most senior teacher was Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn al-Bulḳīnī [ q.v.]. He taught at a number of madrasas in Damascus, wa…

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, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim, a saint of the Suhrawardiyya [ q.v.] order (date of death perhaps 642/1244; G̲h̲ulām Sarwar-i Lāhawrī, Ḵh̲azīnat al-asfiyāʾ ). Together with Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyā [ q.v.], D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn is to be counted as the founder of the order in India (Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, A history of Sufism in India, New Delhi 1978, i, 190). After the death of his teacher Badr al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd Tabrīzī, D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn went to Bag̲h̲dād to join Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī (d. 632/1234 [ q.v.]), the eponym of the order, as a disciple, when al-Suhrawardī was already old. D̲j̲alāl a…

, a title and name of a number of Zaydī imāms of the Yemen. About 250 years after al-Hādī ila ’l-Ḥaḳḳ Yaḥyā, the founder of the Zaydiyya in the Yemen, his direct descendant, al-Mutawakkil ʿala ’llāh Aḥmad, had, between 532/1137 and 566/1170, restored Zaydī territory to its extent in al-Hādī’s ti…

, Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ al-Malik al-ʿĀdil al-Nāṣir, Mad̲j̲d al-Islām, vizier of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh, d. 558/1163. He succeeded his father, Abu ’l-G̲h̲ārāt Ṭalāʾiʿ b. Ruzzīk, al-Sayyid al-Ad̲j̲all al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ Fāris al-Islām, fatally wounded in Ramaḍān 556/September 1161. In order to avoid his father’s fate, Ruzzīk, attacked in the doorway to his ministry, had a subterranean passage dug conn…

, al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ, vizier in Cairo from 549…

, "the imām of Bag̲h̲dād", celebrated theologian, jurist and traditionist (164-241/780-855), and one of the most vigorous personalities of Islam, which he has profoundly influenced both in its historical development and its modern revival. Founder of one of the four major Sunnī schools, the Ḥanbalī, he was, through his disciple Ibn Taymiyya [ q.v.], the distant progenitor of Wahhābism, and has inspired also in a certain degree the conservative reform movement of the Salafiyya. …

, the most common Arabic name for Jerusalem. …

[see badr al-dīn b. kāḍī samawnā ],

, epithet of a great religious fanatic by name of Bürklüd̲j̲e Muṣṭafā, who was prominent in Anatolia in the time of Meḥemmed I (further information under badr …

name of a distinguished S̲h̲āfiʿi family of the Mamlūk period, in Syria and Egypt, which produced a number of able jurists, notably Badr al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn D̲j̲amāʿa (639-733/1241-1333), his son ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (694-767/1294-1366), and his grandson Burhān al-Dīn Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm (725-790/1325-1388).…

, family of Egyptian scholars of Palestinian origin, whose ancestor Ṣāliḥ settled at Bulḳīna in al-G̲h̲arbiyya. (1) ʿumar b. raslān b. naṣīr b. ṣāliḥ , sirād̲j̲ al-dīn abū ḥafṣ al-kinānī , born 12 S̲h̲aʿbān 724/4 August 1324, died 10 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 805/1 June 1403. He studied at Cairo under the most farnous scholars of the day, including Ibn ʿAḳīl [ q.v.], whose daughter he married, and served as nāʾib during Ibn ʿAḳīl’s brief tenure as Grand Ḳāḍī in 759/1358. Appointed Muftī in the Dar al-ʿAdl in 765/1363, he became the most celebrated jurist of his age (cf. Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, Muḳaddima…

, a family of Mamlūk state officials who traced their descent from the Caliph ʿUmar I, hence their …

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, the nisba from the name of two small towns of Lower Egypt, in the mediaeval district of Manf [ q.v.], now in the Manūfiyya mudīriyya or province, in the southwestern part of the Nile Delta. See ʿAlī Mubārak, al-K̲h̲iṭaṭ al-d̲j̲adīda , Būlāḳ 1305/1887-8, xii, 6-7; Muḥammad Ramzī, …

( Nahrawānī ), Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḳāḍī K̲h̲ān Maḥmūd, al-Makkī, al-Ḥanafī, al-Ḳādirī, al-K̲h̲arḳānī, eminent 10th/16th-century Meccan muftī , ḳāḍī , teacher, ḥadīt̲h̲ scholar and chronicler of Mecca and early Ottoman Yemen. He was born in 917/1511-12 in Lahore, India, into a scholarly family, originally from Aden but long established at Nahrawāla (present-day Pat́an) in Gud̲j̲arāt [ q.v.]. (Several accounts, including old ones, name him al-Nahrawānī.) His early education was obtained from his father, a muftī and ḥadīt̲h̲ scholar. The youn…

, ancestor of the Banū Ḥamza who for several generations held the office of naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf [see s̲h̲arīf ] in Damascus, with the result that in the end the family was named Bayt al-Naḳīb . As early as 330/942 a representative of this house, Ismāʿīl b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Natīf, was acting as naḳīb . Several of his descendants distinguished themselves through their ability and learning. Two sons of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm, the sayyid Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad and the sayyid S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn, left their names in the history of Damascus. The former, called …

, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Hās̲h̲imī , born 694/1294 (or 698 or 700),…

, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. D̲j̲ābir al-Ḳaysī al-Andalusī al-Tūnisī (673-749/1274-1348: not to be confused with his slightly younger contemporary, the blind poet and grammarian from Almeria Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. D̲j̲ābir al-Hawwārī), the North African author of a …