(“he who restrains himself or “who keeps silent”), the seventh Imām of the Twelver S̲h̲īʿīs. He is known as Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Awwal (or al-Mādī), Abū Ibrāhīm, Abū ʿAlī, and al-ʿAbd al-Ṣāliḥ. He was born at al-Abwāʾ (between Mecca and Medina) or in Medina on 7 Ṣafar 128/8 Nov. 745. Other dates given are D̲h̲u i-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 127/Sept. 745 and 129/746-7. His mother Ḥamīda (or Ḥumayda) bint Ṣāʿid al-Barbariyya (or al-Andalusiyya) was an umm walad bought from a Berber slave-dealer; she is often referred to as al-Muṣaffat, “the purified”. Little is known of al-Kāẓim’s early life; in a work…

[see mūsā al-kāẓim ].

, Indian Muslim holy man, regarded as the second important figure after Nūr Satgur [ q.v.], whose name is traditionally associated with the commencement of Nizārī [ q.v.] or Satpanth (i.e. the true path) Ismāʿīlism in Sind. Historically he is an obscure ¶ figure surrounded by legends. Most of our information is derived from gināns ascribed to him. The latter, being poetical compositions in Indian vernaculars resembling didactic and mystical poetry, are often anachronistic and legendary in nature. The dates mentioned for his activities, centred in S…

(a.), literally “the fact of being pleased or contented; contentment, approval” (see Lane, 1100), a term found in Ṣūfī mysticism and also in early Islamic history. 1. In mystical vocabulary. In the Ḳurʾān, the root raḍiya and its derivatives occur frequently in the general sense of “to be content”, with nominal forms like riḍwān “God’s grace, acceptance of man’s submission” (e.g. III, 156/61, 168/174; IV, 13/12; IX, 73/72; LVII, 20, 27), although the actual form riḍā does not occur. In the writings of the proto-Ṣūfī al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī [ q.v.], it is a moral state, contentment with t…

or al-Wāḳifiyya , a S̲h̲īʿī sect ( firḳa ) whose adherents maintained that the seventh Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim (d. 183/799 [ q.v.]) had not died but that God had carried him out of sight ( rafaʿahū ilayhi ), and awaited his return as the Mahdī [ q.v.]. By their Twelver S̲h̲īʿī (Imāmī) opponents they were called al-wāḳifa (“the ones who stand still” or “those who stop, put an end to [the line of Imāms]”, because they let the succession of imāms end with him and contested the transfer of the imāmate to his son ʿAlī al-Riḍā [ q.v.]. The sect is mentioned by Twelver S̲h̲īʿī as well as Sunnī heresiogr…

, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Bad̲j̲alī , founder of a S̲h̲īʿī sect in the Maghrib known as the Bad̲j̲aliyya [see al-bad̲j̲alī ]. His books ( kutub ), in which he gathered S̲h̲īʿī legal traditions, are quoted by the Ḳāḍī al-Nuʿmān in his K. al-Īḍāḥ . These quotations indicate that he wrote in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and belonged to the Mūsawī S̲h̲īʿa, who recognised Mūsā al-Kāẓim as their last imām and as the Mahdī. He lived and taught in Nafṭa in Ḳasṭīliya. His doctrine seems to have been propagated first by his son al-Ḥasan [see al-bad̲j̲alī ] in Darʿa and then…

b. Mūsā b. D̲j̲aʿfar. Abū D̲j̲aʿfar al-D̲j̲awād or al-Tāḳī , the ninth Imām of the Twelver S̲h̲īʿ a. He was born in Ramaḍān 195/June 811 at his grandfather’s estate Ṣurayyā (?) near Medina. His mother was a Nubian concubine called Sabīka who was reported to be of the family of Māriya al-Ḳibṭiyya [ q.v.], the concubine of the Prophet and mother of his son Ibrahim. According to other reports, her original name was Durra and she was called al-K̲h̲ayzurān by the Imām ʿAlī al-Riḍā. Muḥammad is described as black-skinned, and the caliph …

Abū muḥammad , the most prominent representative of Imāmī kalām [ q.v.] in the time of the Imāms D̲j̲aʿfar al-Ṣāḍiḳ and Mūsā al-Kāẓim. A client of the tribe of Kinda, he was born and raised in Wāsiṭ, but later lived in Kūfa among the Banū S̲h̲aybān. He is said to have been a D̲j̲ahmī before his conversion to S̲h̲īʿism by the Imām D̲j̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ. Other accounts, however, point to his early association with representatives of dualist religions, notably with Abū S̲h̲ākir al-Dayṣānī. It is certain that after his conversion to S̲h̲īʿīsm he held disputations with Abū S̲h̲ākir and ¶ other duali…

, Tawakkulī ( Tūklī ) b. Ismāʿīl , murīd of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ardabīlī (d. 794/1391-2), son and first successor of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Ardabīlī (d. 735/1334), the founder of the Ṣūfī order of the Ṣafawiyya and, as ancestor of S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl I (d. 930/1524 [ q.v.]), the eponym of the Ṣafawids [ q.v.; see also ardabīl ]. The exact dates of Ibn al-Bazzāz are unknown. At the stimulus of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣadr al-Dīn he composed a biography of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ṣafī al-Dīn, with the title Ṣafwat al-ṣafāʾ or Mawāhib al-saniyya fī manāḳib al-ṣafawiyya . Written in a simp…

, a town and one of the most celebrated S̲h̲īʿī places of pilgrimage in ʿIrāk. It is a little over one km. from the right bank of the Tigris, which here describes a loop, being separated from the river by a series of gardens. Kāẓimayn itself is prettily situated among palmgroves. It is connected with the west side of Bag̲h̲dād, about three miles away, by regular bus and taxi services, replacing the horse-tramway laid down by the governor Midḥat Pās̲h̲ā (1869-72), who did a great deal for Bag̲h̲d…

, “New [town]”, the name of several cities. 1. Ḥadīt̲h̲at al-Mawṣil, a town on the east bank of the Tigris, one farsak̲h̲ below the mouth of the upper (Great) Zāb. Its ruins are to be recognized in the mound of Tell al-S̲h̲aʿīr. Various accounts of its origin are given. According to His̲h̲ām b. al-Kalbī ( apud Ibn al-Faḳīh, 129 and Balād̲h̲urī, Būlāḳ ed., 340) Hart̲h̲ama b. ʿArfad̲j̲a, after making Mawṣil the capital, came to Ḥadīt̲h̲a in the reign of ʿUmar b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb, where he found a village with tw…

“the demon of the arcade”, the name by which non-S̲h̲īʿī Muslim authors usually referred to the Imāmī S̲h̲īʿī theologian of the 2nd/8th century Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Muḥammad (b. ʿAlī) b. al-Nuʿmān b. Abī Ṭarīfa al-Bad̲j̲alī al-Kūfī (also called al-Aḥwal “the squinter”). No precise dates for him are known; it is only known that he died after 183/799, if it is true (as al-Bag̲h̲dādī and then al-Ṣafadī state) that he was one of those who “categorically affirmed” ( ḳaṭaʿa ) the death of Mūsā al-Kāẓim. At the outset, his by-name of S̲h̲ayṭān does not seem to have been felt as derogatory. …

, Abu ’l-ḥasan b. mūsā b. dj̲aʿfar eighth Imām of the Twelver S̲h̲īʿa, was born in Medina in 148/765 (al-Ṣafadī) or, according to other and probably better informed authorities, in 151/768 or 153/770 (al-Nawbak̲h̲tī, Ibn Ḵh̲allikān. Mīrk̲h̲w ānd). He died in Ṭūs in 203/818; the sources agree on the year, but differ as to the day and month (end of Ṣafar—al-Ṭabarī, al-Ṣafadī; 21 Ramaḍān—al-Ṣafadī; 13 Ḏh̲ū ’l-Ḳaʿda or 5 Ḏh̲ū ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a—Ibn Ḵh̲allikān). His father was the Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim, his mother a Nubian umm walad whose name is variously given (S̲h̲ahd or Nad̲j̲iyya—al-N…

, muʿizz al-din abū ʿabd allāh ādam b. s. ismāʿīl , one of the premier Ḵh̲ulafāʾ of Aḥmad Sirhindī [ q.v.], was a native of Banūr [ q.v.]. He claimed descent from Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim [ q.v.], but it was disputed on the ground that his grandmother belonged to the Mashwānī tribe of the Afg̲h̲āns and he too lived and dressed after the fashion of the Afg̲h̲āns. His nasab was again questioned when in 1052/1642 he was in Lahore accompanied by 10,000 of his disciples, mostly Afg̲h̲āns, by ʿAllāmī Saʿd Allāh Ḵh̲ān Chinyōtī, the chief Minister of Shāhd̲j̲ahān, and by ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm al-Siyālkōtī [ q.v.], who …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿḤusayn b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. Muḥammad , a S̲h̲īʿī Arab poet in the time of the Būyids [ q.v.]. Born in Bag̲h̲dād in about 330/941-2, of a family of government officials and secretaries, he completed the traditional studies and was partly trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ (313-84/925-94 [see al-ṣābiʾ ]) who made him take up an administrative career, but he very quickly perceived that his poetic talents could prove more profitable and resigned his post. At first he was connected with the vizier al-Muhallabī [ q.v.] for whom he wrote a panegyric and …

, poetic nickname ("father of craziness") of Abū Isḥāḳ Ismāʿīl b. al-Ḳāsim b. Suwayd b. Kaysān , Arabic poet, born in Kūfa (or ʿAyn al-Tamr) 130/748 and died 210/825 or 211/826. His family had been mawālī of the ʿAnaza tribe for two or three generations, and were engaged in menial occupations; his father was a cupper, and the poet himself as a youth sold earthenware in the streets. His outlook on life was embittered by a sense of social inferiority; in his later verse he gave vent to his hatred of the govern…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, S̲h̲īʿī ascetic and traditionist, well-known under the name of Imāmzāde (S̲h̲āh) ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm. He is buried in the principal sanctuary of Rayy [see al-rayy ]. 1. The holy man. Only sparse biographical data are available on ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm, who must have been born in Medina before 200/815 and who was a companion of the ninth and tenth Imāms, Muḥammad al-D̲j̲awād al-Taḳī (d. 220/835) and ʿAlī al-Hādī al-Naḳī (d. 254/868) [see al-ʿaskarī ]. When the latter, at the order of caliph al-Mutawakkil, was…

, descendants of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, who had eighteen sons (according to most works on ʿAlid genealogy, but fourteen according to another version given by al-Ṭabarī and eleven according to al-Masʿūdī), and seventeen daughters. His sons were as follows: By Fāṭima; al-Ḥasan, al-Ḥusayn, and al-Muḥsin (or Muḥassin). The third does not appear in all sources. By Ḵh̲awla; Muḥammad, known as Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya. By Umm al-Banīn; ʿAbbās the elder, ʿAbd Allāh, ʿUt̲h̲mān the elder, Ḏj̲aʿfar the elder. By al-Ṣaḥbāʾ, called Umm Ḥabīb; ʿUmar. By Laylā bint Masʿūd; Abū Bakr ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ʿUbayd Allāh. B…

(a. “thresholds”), more fully, ʿalabāt-i ʿāliya or ʿatabāt-i muḳaddasa (“the lofty or sacred thresholds”), the S̲h̲īʿī shrine cities of ʿIrāḳ—Nad̲j̲af, Karbalāʾ, Kāẓimayn and Sāmarrā [ q.vv.]—comprising the tombs of six of the Imāms as well as a number of secondary shrines and places of visitation. Nad̲j̲af, 10 km. to the west of Kūfa, is the alleged site of burial of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 41/661) (another shrine dedicated to ʿAlī is that at Mazār-i S̲h̲arīf in Northern Afghanistan; see K̲h̲wad̲j̲a Sayf al-Din K̲h̲ud̲j̲andī, Karwān-i Balk̲h̲ , Mazār-i S̲h̲ar…

b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Medinan ʿAlid leader of a revolt in Daylam and Zaydī imām . His mother was Ḳurayba bt. Rukayḥ b. Abī ʿUbayda b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Zamʿa b. al-Aswad, niece of the mother of his paternal brothers Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya [ q.v.] and Ibrāhīm, leaders of the Ḥasanid revolt against the caliph al-Manṣūr in 145/762. As a much younger brother, born perhaps around 128/745-6, he did not participate in that revolt. He was partly brought up and taught by the Imāmī S̲h̲īʿī imām D̲j̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ [ q.v.], presumably after the imprisonment of his father in 140/758, a…