Phillimore, Lord Keywords: Rights and duties of States | Mots clefs: Droits et devoirs des Etats | ABSTRACT Lord Phillimore begins his course by giving a definition of the State and by presenting the different forms of States, and then outlines two kinds of fundamental rights: original rights and acquired rights. He later insists on the need to distinguish between the existing right and the right that should be established, and presents the right of independence, the right of limits, and the theory of interventio…

Mandelstam, André Keywords: Minorities | Protection | Mots clefs: Minorités | Protection | ABSTRACT The first part of the course of Andre Mandelstam is devoted to the origins of minority rights: protection of human rights in the countries of Christianity, human intervention in Turkey and its repercussions in Europe, protection of human and national rights in the doctrine of international law, influence of social factors on the protection of minorities (socialism, pacifism, Jewish action), attitudes of allied …

Nippold, O. Keywords: Public international law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Droit international public | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT In the introduction to his course, O. Nippold emphasizes that for the historical study of international law, space and time play a role as insignificant as religious, political, and other considerations, or as the differences in civilization. From this point of view, the historical examination carried out by O. Nippold does not set any limitations at all. Indeed, international law re…

Dupuis, Charles Keywords: Communications | International relations | Law of treaties | Intervention | State responsibility | Sanctions | Mots clefs: Communications | Relations internationales | Droit des traités | Intervention et non-intervention | Responsabilité des Etats | Sanctions | ABSTRACT The issue of the Freedom of Communication Paths, emphasizes Charles Dupuis in the introduction to his course, is one of the issues in which the opposition, not to say the antagonism, of nationalism and internationalism, the sovereignty of State…

Kaufmann, Wilhelm Keywords: International economic organizations | Mots clefs: Organisations internationales économiques | ABSTRACT After introductory and general considerations on International Unions of an Economic Nature, the author studies in the first part the international unions of an economic nature relating to agriculture and other primodium production. In a second part the author focuses on the international unions of an economic nature relating to the industry including intellectual productions. Th…

Baron Boris Nolde, le Keywords: International trade | Treaties | Mots clefs: Commerce international | Traités | ABSTRACT Boris Nolde begins his course on the Law and the Technique of Commercial Treaties with a history of commercial treaties, from the Middle Ages to Post First World War period. The author then studies the form of commercial treaties and the contracting parties in commercial treaties. The author also focuses on customs territories, the merchant, freedom of trade, conventional customs tariffs, the m…

E. L. Vaughan Williams K. C., R. Keywords: Diplomacy | Mots clefs: Diplomatie | ABSTRACT The aim of the course of Vaughan Williams is to describe, from a historical point of view, the development of diplomacy in Europe and in the States outside Europe, which owe their origin to European colonization, and which, consequently, are assimilated into European countries through their civilization and their traditions. After general considerations on diplomacy, the author focuses on diplomatic missions, treaties, tec…

de Visscher, Charles Keywords: Codification | International law | Mots clefs: Codification | Droit international | ABSTRACT In the introduction to his course on the Codification of International Law, Charles De Visscher presents the characteristics of the Codification of International Law as it occurred in 1925. The author devotes the first part of his course to an analysis of the fundamental concepts, the foundation, and formal sources of international law. In the second part to deal entirely with the codificat…

Jèze, Gaston Keywords: Government debts | Collateral | Mots clefs: Dettes publiques | Garantie | ABSTRACT When a state issues a loan, it sometimes provides legal security to the lenders to guarantee the faithful execution of all commitments made both for the interest service and for the repayment of capital. Gaston Jeze studies the guarantees in his course. After a presentation of the way of the problem arising in the guarantee of the State public loans, the author examines the prevailing legal principles for t…

Bon Alphonse Heyking, le Keywords: Far East | Extraterritorial jurisdiction | Mots clefs: Extrême-Orient | Extraterritorialité des lois | ABSTRACT Alphonse Heyking explains in the introduction to his course that the international privileges known as extraterritoriality, suffered at the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the change in the constitutional order of certain States, the world war, the creation of Soviet Russia, the evolution of Turkey and Egypt, and the judicial and administrative progress made in …

Rapisardi-Mirabelli, A. Keywords: International organizations | Mots clefs: Organisations internationales | ABSTRACT A. Rapisardi-Mirabelli points out that the legal institutions, known as International Unions, were the first, scattered, and rudimentary cores of an organization of the League of States. The author begins with a general presentation of this phenomenon. He then replies to the remarks that international Unions were merely collective treaties with the accession clause. The author later studies t…

O. Hudson, Manley Keywords: Permanent Court of International Justice | Advisory opinions | Mots clefs: Cour permanente de Justice internationale | Avis consultatifs | ABSTRACT Manley Hudson begins his course on Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice by presenting the basis and scope of the advisory jurisdiction of the PCIJ. He then examines the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction by the Court. The author also outlines the prototypes of advisory opinions and similar procedures in national cas…

Pearce Higgins, A. Keywords: Ships | Naval warfare | Right of visit and search | Capture at sea | Mots clefs: Navires | Guerre maritime | Droit de visite et de perquisition | Droit de capture | ABSTRACT The course of Pearce Higgins is the first study that has been made at The Hague Academy of international law since its foundation on a subject related to the laws of war. After a presentation of the definition of access, the author asks who can exercise the access, and who can be visited. The author then examines the formalities of t…

Ruffini, Francesco Keywords: Rights relating to literary and artistic works | Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne, 9 September 1886) | Intellectual property | Copyright law | Intellectual property | Mots clefs: Propriété littéraire et artistique | Convention de Berne pour la protection des oeuvres littéraires et artistiques (Berne, 9 septembre 1886) | Propriété intellectuelle | ABSTRACT The set of rights, which Francesco Ruffini deals with in his study and which he calls Rights of Thought, has two salient and important…

Griziotti, Benvenuto Keywords: Aliens | Fiscal law | Double taxation | Mots clefs: Etrangers | Droit fiscal | Imposition (double) | ABSTRACT Benvenutto Griziotti explains in the introduction to his course that the problem of taxation of foreigners, considered from the theoretical and practical point of view, raises two essential questions. On one hand, it is necessary to determine the tax capacity of foreigners and to indicate the rules expressing it with regard to various types of taxes. On the other hand, it is nec…

L. Lange, Christian Keywords: Pacifism | Development of international law | Mots clefs: Pacifisme | Développement du droit international | ABSTRACT Christian Lange explains in the introduction to his course that a pacifist doctrine combats war as harmful, contrary to the interests well understood by mankind, and as crime, contrary to the precepts of morality. By following the historical development of this doctrine, the author focuses in particular its influence on international law. To do so, the author reviews in …

Pella, Vespasien Keywords: Piracy | International criminal law | Mots clefs: Course et piraterie | ABSTRACT Vespasian Pella shows in his introduction to the course in 1926 the need for the Repression of Piracy. After an introduction to a historical overview of piracy, the author presents definitions and classifications of piracy. He then examines the fundamental principles of criminal law related to the exercise of repression of piracy. The author focuses, in the third and final chapter of his course, on the pr…

Basdevant, Jules Keywords: Law on conclusion of international treaties | Mots clefs: Droit de conclure des traités | ABSTRACT Jules Basdevant shows that the practice of drafting diplomatic instruments other than treaties is uncertain, hesitant, and contradictory. The first part of his study deals with the conclusion and drafting of treaties: negotiation and signature, context, content drafting, ratification, recent practices and transformations (in 1926). The second part of the study deals with the drafting of dip…

Bourquin, Maurice Keywords: Safety | Criminal offences | International criminal law | Mots clefs: Sûreté | Délits | Droit pénal international | ABSTRACT Maurice Bourquin observes that whatever opinion that one professes with respect to the fundamental rights of the State, and particularly of the "right of conservation", one fact is indisputable: Every State community has the right to defend itself against companies that would threaten its existence. In the first part of his course, the author focuses on the rights of …

Efremoff, J. Keywords: International conciliation | Mots clefs: Conciliation internationale | ABSTRACT Jean Efremoff writes in the introduction to his course in 1927 that Europe is in an urgent need for peace and security to heal the still bleeding wounds of the Great War. However, he continues, the hatred of nations and of classes, revived by the War and its consequences, is still too acute. It is done by reconciling the divergent aspirations and opposing interests of the peoples who inhabit it that Europe…