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[German Version] What may have been the scroll’s original title may appear in 1QM, the complete manuscript: “For the Maskil: The Book/Rule of the War” (1QM 1). The manuscript dates from the Herodian period; its 19 columns (1Q33: 20) include the beginning of the text but not its end. The bottom edge is heavily damaged throughout; estimates of textual loss range b…

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[German Version] Fragments of 22 text columns (the most complete being II, XII, XIX–XXII) have been preserved of an Aramaic retelling of Genesis, of which the extant text encompasses Gen 5:28–15:4. The manuscript dates from the decades around the beginning of the common era; a Qumran-Essene authorship cannot be corroborated. In terms of literary …

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[German Version] The term Essenes refers to one of the three or four Jewish groups mentioned by Flavius Josephus ( Bell. II 119–166; Ant. XIII 171–173; XV 371f.; XVIII 11–25) that have been known since antiquity through the reports of Philo of Alexandria ( Prob. 72–91; Apology in Eusebius of Caesarea Praep. 8.11.1–18), Pliny the Elder ( Naturalis historia 5.73) and Josephus. Individual Essenes appear in Bell. I 78–80 (Judas, Ant. XIII 311); Bell. II 111–113 (Simon, Ant. XVII 345–348); Bell. II 566–568; III 11 (John, Ant. XV 373–379). According to a broad c…

[German Version] The Damascus Document has been known since its discovery in 1896/97 in the Genizah of the Ezra Synagogue in Cairo and its publication in 1910 by Schechter. Although it has also been called Fragments of a Zadokite Work because of the special role played by the Zadokites (Zadok/Zadokites) in it, the designation Damascus Document (Cairo Damascus Document = CD [Qumran]) has generally established itself because of the mention of the “new covenant in the l…

[German Version] I. General – II. Jewish Calendar – III. Christian Calendar – IV. Islamic Calendar – V. Liturgical Calendar I. General 1. The term calendar derives from the Roman “calendae,” the day on which a new month was proclaimed. It designates the structuring and hence the consequent mediation of time, i.e. records in pictorial and literary media to communicate structures of time. Calendars are concrete translations of chronologies. The performance of activities to be collectiv…

[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Old Testament and Early Juda…

[German Version] I. Natural Sciences and Psychology – II. Religious Studies – III. Philosophy – IV. Old Testament – V. New Testament – VI. Church History – VII. Dogmatics and Ethics – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam I. Natural Sciences and Psychology 1. Evolution From the perspective of the natural sciences, the theory of evolution offers the most comprehensive framework for understanding human beings. It views the human species as a late prod…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. Primitive Christianity – IV. Church History – V. Judaism – VI. Islam – VII. Asia, Africa, and Latin America – VIII. Social Sciences – IX. Psychology – X. Philosophy of Religion – XI. Practical Theology I. Religious Studies To date there have been hardly any works devoted to men from the perspective of religious studies. Given the androcentrism of traditional scholarship, the category of homo religiosus has usually yielded knowledge of the religious male, but this work must …