ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Murādī , murderer of the caliph ʿAlī in 40/661. Three K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muld̲j̲am, considered as belonging to Kinda, al-Burak b. ʿAbd Allāh and ʿAmr b. Bakr al-Tamīmī, having met at Mecca, had long discussions, after the end of the Pilgrimage ceremonies, on the deplorable situation into which the Muslims had fallen because of ʿAlī, Muʿāwiya and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, whom they regarded as being in error; spurred by an ardent desire to avenge their companions massacred at al-Nahrawān [ q.v.], they swore an oath to kill these three persons. Each of them…

(Ṣuraymī in Ibn al-Kalbī), (al-)ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. ʿAbd Allāh (d. 40/660), a Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī who is said to have been the first to proclaim that “judgement belongs only to God” ( taḥkīm ; cf. al-Mubarrad, Kāmil , Cairo edn., 917), but who is famed in history because of his being one of the three plotters sworn to kill simultaneously ʿAlī b. Abi Ṭālib [see ibn muld̲j̲am ], ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, [ q.v.] and Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān. Al-Burak accordingly proceeded to Damascus and stabbed Muʿāwiya whilst he was praying, but only managed to wound him in the hip. According to trad…

, al-Sadūsī al-K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī , an Arab sectarian and poet. He hailed from the Banu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Sadūs, a clan of the Banū S̲h̲aybān b. D̲h̲uhl. He was first a Sunnī, and is mentioned by Ibn Saʿd (vii/I, 113) in the second class of the “followers” ( tābiʿūn ) of Baṣra; he is named as a transmitter in the collections of Buk̲h̲ārī, Abū Dāwūd, and Nasāʾī. It is said that he was converted by his wife to the doctrines of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.] and became the leader of their moderate wing, the Ṣufriyya [ q.v.], who rejected indiscriminate political ¶ murder ( istiʿrāḍ [ q.v.]) and were lenient toward…

(a.), verbal noun of me root s̲h̲-r-y , a technical term of early Islamic religion and, more generally, of Islamic commercial practice and law. The word appears to be one of the aḍdād [ q.v.], words with opposing meanings, in this case, buying and selling; the basic meaning must be to exchange or barter goods. Early theological usage was based on such Ḳurʾānic texts as II, 203/207, “Amongst the people is the one who sells ( yas̲h̲rī ) himself, desiring God’s approval (or: to satisfy God)”; II, 15/16, “These are those who have purchased ( is̲h̲taraw ) error for right g…

, the name of an Arab tribe belonging to the great southern group of the Mad̲h̲ḥid̲j̲ [ q.v.]; genealogical tradition (Ibn al-Kalbī, D̲j̲amharat al-ansāb , Escurial ms, fols. 114b-117b and see now Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, which is followed by Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḥāḳ , ed. Wüstenfeld, 238, 4; cf. also LA, iv, 409) regards Murād as a nickname, for this tribe was said to have been the first to rebel ( tamarrada ) in the Yaman; an etymology wich is not convincing. Murād’s own name is said to have been Yuḥābir b. Mad̲h̲ḥid̲j̲ and he was therefo…

(a.), arbitration (the maṣdar of the form II verb ḥakkama . It denotes the action of making an appeal to arbitration by someone involved with another in a conflict or in some affair of a conflicting nature by mutual agreement. It also designates someone fulfilling the role of an agent with the power of attorney, or an authorised agent (with full powers to act) in a different or clear matter. This person should be qualified as a muḥakkam , a person who is solicited for arbitration. The ancient Arabs preferred to use the word ḥakam , arbitrator, from the verb ḥakama , to jud…

, cousin and son-in-law of Muḥammad, and fourth caliph, was one of the first to believe in Muḥammad’s mission. Whether he was the second after Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a. or the third after Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a and Abū Bakr, was much disputed between S̲h̲īʿites and Sunnīs. He was at that time aged 10 or 11 at most, and Muḥammad had taken him into his own household to relieve the boy’s father Abū Ṭālib, who had fallen into poverty. One narrative, which is open to criticism on several counts, represents ʿAlī as having oc…

( al-K̲h̲awārid̲j̲ , sing. K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī ), the members of the earliest of the religious sects of Islam, whose importance lies particularly, from the point of view of the development of dogma, in the formulation of questions relative to the theory of the caliphate and to justification by faith or by works, while from the point of view of political history the principal part they played was disturbing by means of continual insurrections, which often ended in the temporary conquest…

b. Abī Sufyān , the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs based in Syria (although not, as is often asserted, the first Umayyad caliph: that was ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān [ q.v.], his second ¶ cousin), ruled as generally acknowledged caliph from 41/661 to 60/680. His father was Abū Sufyān (Ṣak̲h̲r) b. Ḥarb b. Umayya al-Akbar b. ʿAbd S̲h̲ams [ q.v.] and his mother was Hint bint ʿUtba b. Rabīʿa [ q.v.], on account of whom Muʿāwiya is sometimes referred to as Ibn Hind and Ibn ākilat al-akbād , “the son of the liver-eater” (cf. below). The sources provide conflicting reports of the date of Muʿāw…

, a sovereign State, of the Muslim religion, for the most part Arabic-speaking, situated at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. i.—Geography The structure of ʿIrāḳ paradoxically derives its originality from the fact that it forms part of a large geographical block of territory. From the Arabo-Syrian desert tableland which it faces along its south-western flank, it takes its general aspect and its climate. All along its frontiers on the North-East, on the other hand, it shares the orientation and ¶ relief of the folded mountain-chains of western Asia, which give it its t…