, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh , was a prominent dāʿī of the Fāṭimids during the reign of al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh (386-411/996-1021) as well as the author of many works on the theory of the Imāmate and on Ismāʿīlī philosophy. The life of al-Kirmānī is known only in its main outlines, which can be traced on the basis of statements contained in his own works. Some other details can be derived from unpublished Ismāʿīlī sources, as has been done notably by Muṣṭafā G̲h̲ālib ( op. cit., 41 f.) who, however, does not specify these sources. His nisba points to his origin fro…

(a.), the action of raising oneself, of rising, and of resurrection. The root ḳ-w-m is employed very frequently in the language of the Ḳurʾān. Ḳiyāma occurs there seventy times, always in the expression yawm al-ḳiyāma “the day of resurrection”. The resurrection of bodies follows the annihilation of all creatures ( al-fanāʾ al-muṭlaḳ ), and precedes the “judgment” ( dīn ), the “day of judgement” ( yawm al-dīn ).This will be the Last Hour ( al-sāʿa ). Al-sāʿa , yawm al-ḳiyāma and yawm al-dīn, taken as a whole constitute one of the “necessary beliefs” which determine the content…

, music. 1. Theory. Mūsīḳī denotes, strictly speaking, the theory of music, and contrasts therefore with g̲h̲ināʾ , song (i.e., musical practice). But the distinction is not rigidly maintained —the Ik̲h̲wān al-Ṣāfāʾ even equate the two— and the term mūsīḳī is not associated particularly with the works of Greek-inspired theorists, even though its Greek origin is normally acknowledged. It is typically defined as the science of the composition of melodies ( taʾlīf al-alḥān ), but the use of e.g. mūsīḳār/ī to denote the performer clearly shows the tendenc…

al-Ṭāʾī al-Sinbisī, Abu ’l-Maḥāsin (b. 5 Rabīʿ II 677/26 August 1278 [according to al-Ṣafadī, Wāfī , xviii, 482, 6-7, and most other sources] ¶ or D̲j̲umādā II, 678/Oct.-Nov. 1279 [according to al-Birzālī (d. 739/1339; q.v.) who claims to have received this information from al-Ḥillī himself, see Ḥuwwar, 20], d. probably 749/1348), the most famous Arab poet of the 8th century A.H. In spite of his fame, information about his life is rather scarce; even the year of his death is variously given (see Bosworth, Underworld , i, 138, n. 26). Born in al-Ḥilla [ q.v.], a centre of S̲h̲īʿī learning…

(a.), verbal noun from w-d̲j̲-d “to find”. 1. In philosophy. Here, it is one of the main words used to represent “being” in Arabic renderings of Greek ontological expressions, based on the present passive yūd̲j̲adu , with the past passive wud̲j̲ida , leading to the nominal form mawd̲j̲ūd . Al-mawd̲j̲ūd means “what is found” or “what exists”, and the maṣdar , wud̲j̲ūd , is used as the abstract noun representing existence. Wud̲j̲ūd and its related terms are frequently used to represent the copula ( al-rābiṭa ), sc. the English word “is”, in addition to being …

, a term used to denote (a) the doctrine and (b) the followers of Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1115-1206/1703-92 [see ibn ʿabd al-wahhāb ]). The term is derived from Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb’s father’s name “ʿAbd al-Wahhāb” and was originally used by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb’s opponents to denounce his doctrine as mere personal opinion. Probably the first appearance the term made is in the title of the K. al-Ṣawāʿiḳ al-ilāhiyya fi ’l-radd ʿalā ’l-Wahhābiyya (first ed. Bombay 1306/1888-9) of Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (d. 1208/1793-4) who up to…

, (1) Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. Abi ’l-Suʿūd al-Hamdānī , the second dāʿī muṭlaḳ of the Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlīs in the Yaman. According to ʿUmāra, not supported by Ṭayyibī sources, the Ṣulayḥid Queen al-Sayyida in 526/1132 appointed him chief dāʿī but then transferred the headship to the Amīr of ʿAdan, Sabaʾ b. Abi ’l-Suʿūd b. Zurayʿ, who supported the claim of the Fāṭimid al-Ḥāfiẓ to the Imāmate. If the report is reliable, Ibrāhīm may have been deposed for his sympathy with the claim of al-Ṭayyib. After the death of the dāʿī al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb b. al-Ḥasan in 533/1138, the first Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaḳ, D̲h̲uʾ…

signifies etymologically, among other things, the act of loosing, of unfastening, of untying (a knot); of resolving a difficulty, and, with the accusative or with bi or fī , of alighting at a place. Hence its various meanings in the Muslim religious sciences and in falsafa . ¶ (1) In grammar ḥulūl denotes the occurrence of the accident of inflexion ( iʿrāb ); (2) in law it denotes the application of a prescription; (3) in Hellenistic philosophy ( falsafa ) it denotes: (a) the inhesion of an accident in an object ( mawḍūʾ cf. A.-M. Goichon, Lexique de la langue philosophique d’ Ibn Sīnā …

b. Yūsuf b. Muḥammad b. Ādam al-Bharūčī al-Hindī , Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlī savant. According to his own statement he was born and brought up in K̲h̲ambhāt (Cambay) in India, and received his early education there. It is not known when and by whom the surname “Bharūčī”, sc. from Bharūč or Broach, [see Bharoč ], was given to him. Urged on by a thirst for knowledge, he states, he renounced family, left his country, travelled to Yaman, and became a student of Ḥasan b. Idrīs, the twentieth dāʿī muṭlaḳ . The books read by him with his teacher in various branches of the ʿulūm al-daʿwa …

(a.), a mistake, which is made in thought, speech or action (a fault which one has is called ʿayb ), the opposite of ṣawāb , what is correct; hence in the field of knowledge, error; in that of action, omission, failure, all this, of course, unintentional. From the last meaning develops that of wrong which one commits, transgression; whether this is to be regarded as unintentional or—as in k̲h̲aṭīʾa and k̲h̲iṭʾ —deliberate (sc. a sin) is a disputed point with the lexicographers. K̲h̲aṭāʾ and k̲h̲aṭʾ (the latter is found only in the Ḳāmūs , so that it is hardly class…

(a.), a noun of place from the verb d̲j̲alasa “to sit down” and, by extension, “to sit”, ¶ “to hold a session”; starting from the original meaning of “a place where one sits down, where one stays”, thence “a seat” (J. Sadan, Le mobilier au Proche-Orient médiéval , Leiden 1976, index), the semantic field of mad̲j̲lis is of very wide extent (see the dictionaries of Lane, Dozy, Blachère, etc.). Among the principal derivative meanings are “a meeting place”, “meeting, assembly” (cf. Ḳurʾān, LXVIII, 12/11), “a reception hall (of a ca…

, abu ’l-fatḥ ḏj̲alāl al-dīn muḥammad (15 Oct. 1542-16 Oct. 1605), the greatest of the Mug̲h̲al emperors of India, was born at Umarkot in Sind while his father Humāyūn, who had been ousted by the Afg̲h̲ān usurper S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh Sūr, was escaping to Persia. A grandson of Bābur, he was both a Tīmūrid Turk and a Čag̲h̲atāy Mongol. His mother, Ḥamīda Bānū, was a Persian. After thirteen years of exile Humāyūn, because of the decline of Sūr power, decided to attempt the reconquest of H…

, Abu ’l-Faḍl ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr b. Muḥammad D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn al-K̲h̲uḍayrī, famous Egyptian scholar, at present recognised ¶ as the most prolific author in the whole of Islamic literature. 1. Life. Through his father, al-Suyūṭī was of Persian origin. He himself states that his ancestors lived at al-K̲h̲uḍayriyya, one of the quarters of Bag̲h̲dād (hence his second nisbd ). In the Mamlūk period his family settled in Asyūṭ [ q.v.], where its members were engaged in important religious and administrative duties. Al-Suyūṭī was born on 1 Rad̲j̲ab 849/3 October 14…

(a.), a technical term denoting logic. 1. Etymology. The LA gives manṭiḳ as a synonym of kalām in the sense of “language”; a book is described as being nāṭiḳ bayyin as if it does itself speak; God says in the Ḳurʾān (XXII, 62): “And before Us is a Book which tells the truth ( yanṭiḳu bi ’l-ḥaḳḳ )”. This telling of the truth also has a quality of judgment; thus (XLV, 29): “This is Our Book; it pronounces against you in all truth ( yanṭiḳu ʿalaykum bi ’l-ḥaḳḳ )” Metaphorically, manṭiḳ expresses the language of all things, for example the language of birds (Ḳurʾān, XXVII, 16: manṭiḳ al-ṭayr …

(a.) means basically "wood, piece of wood, plank, spar" (pls. aʿwād , ʿīdān ). I. In daily life 1. ʿŪd as perfume and incense and as a medicament In the Arabic materia medica it indicates the so-called "aloe wood". This designation, used in trade, is conventional but incorrect because aloe wood is called ṣabr [ q.v.]. ʿŪd has to do with certain kinds of resinous, dark-coloured woods with a high specific weight and a strong aromatic scent, which were used in medicine as perfume and incense ( ʿūd al-bak̲h̲ūr ) and were highly coveted because of their rarity and v…

, Muʿizz al-Dīn , Mug̲h̲al emperor regnabat 21 Ṣafar 1124/29 March 1712 to 16 Muḥarram 1125/11 February 1713. Born 10 Ramaḍān 1071/10 May 1661, eldest son of Bahādur S̲h̲āh [ q.v.], at the time of his father’s death he was governor of Multān. Pleasure-loving and indolent, he was able to participate actively in the struggle among Bahādur S̲h̲āh’s sons for the throne only through the support of the ambitious D̲h̲u ’l-fiḳār K̲h̲ān, mīr bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī and ṣūbadār of the Deccan who was anxious to exclude ʿAẓīm al-S̲h̲aʾn from the succession and to win the wizāra for himself. After three days fight…

, a Kayanid prince of Persian legendary history and national epic, whose murder by the order of Afrāsiyāb, the arch-king of Tūrān, deepened the deadly feud between Īrān and Tūrān and led eventually to the destruction of Afrāsiyāb and the devastation of his land. Siyāwus̲h̲ is mentioned several times in the Avesta as a holy prince, whose blood was avenged by his illustrious son Kavi Haosrauuah (Pers. Kay K̲h̲usraw [ q.v.]), who slew Afrāsiyāb and destroyed his kin ( Yas̲h̲t s 9.18; 13.132; 19.71, 77). The Bundahis̲h̲n , a major Middle Persian work, contains a …

, ¶ from Ḥārit̲h̲, a well-known tribe and a branch of the Hamdān [ q.v.] confederation, was a prominent figure in the Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlīs of Yaman. After the death of his teacher ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. Ibrāhīm al-Walīd in 554/1159, he was appointed by Ibrāhīm al-Ḥāmidī [ q.v.], the second dāʿī muṭlaḳ , along with the latter’s son Ḥātim to assist him in the affairs of the daʿwa . On the dāʿī Ibrahim’s death in 557/1161, when Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm became the next dāʿī muṭlaḳ, he was promoted to the rank of maʾd̲h̲ūn and was stationed in Ṣanʿāʾ as the dāʿī’s deput…

(a.), from the verb ḳallada “to imitate, follow, obey s.o.”, meaning acceptance of or submission to authority. The word, with this semantic range, is not found in the Ḳurʾān nor in ḥadīt̲h̲ literature (as covered by Wensinck’s Concordance ). It has an important role throughout the Muslim religious sciences where it has a predominantly negative meaning, implying unreasonable and thoughtless acceptance of authority. It was, however, capable of being rescued and given a positive orientation. Different degrees of p…

(pl. marād̲j̲iʿ-i taḳlid , Pers. for Ar. mard̲j̲aʿ/marād̲j̲iʿ al-taḳlīd ), title and function of a hierarchal nature denoting a Twelver Imām S̲h̲īʿī jurisconsult ( muad̲j̲tahid , faḳīh ) who is to be considered during his lifetime, by virtue of his qualities and his wisdom, a model for reference, for “imitation” or “emulation”—a term employed to an increasing extent by English-speaking authors—by every observant Imāmī S̲h̲īʿī (with the exception of mud̲j̲tahids ) on all aspects of religious practice and law. As in the case of other institutions, the history of this function (called mar…