b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, Abū Ḥafṣ al-As̲h̲ad̲j̲d̲j̲, fifth caliph of the Marwānid branch of the Umayyad dynasty [ q.v.], reigned 99/717 to 101/720. ʿUmar was probably born in Medina, around 60/680, although some sources say that he was born in Egypt. He spent his early years in both places, especially in Ḥulwān in Egypt, where his father resided as governor in the years 65-86/686-705. Nevertheless, it was in Medina that ʿUmar was educated, and it was there that he allegedly first associated with prominent pious figures and muḥaddit̲h̲ūn . After ʿUmar’s father di…

, son of the caliph ʿUmar II. In the year 126/744 ʿAbd Allāh was appointed governor of ʿIrāḳ by Yazīd III, but in a short time aroused the discontent of the Syrian chiefs in that place, who felt that they were unfavorably treated by the new governor compared with the inhabitants of ʿIrāḳ. After the accession of Marwān II, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.], a descendant of ʿAlī’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, rebelled in Kūfa in Muḥarram 127/Oct. 744, but was expelled by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, whereupon he transferred his propaganda to other parts. When Marwān transferred to …

, son of the caliph Marwān I and father of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was appointed governor of Egypt by his father, and the appointment was confirmed by ʿAbd al-Malik, when he ascended the throne. During his twenty years’ sojourn in Egypt, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz proved himself a capable governor, who really had the welfare of his province at heart. When in the year 69/689, ʿAbd al-Malik, after the assasination of his rebellious lieutenant ʿAmr b. Saʿīd, intended to have the latter’s relatives…

, son of the caliph al-Walīd I. In 91/709-10, he took part in the campaign against the Byzantines, under the orders of his uncle, Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, and during the following years, he also participated in the battles against the same enemies. In 96/714-5, al-Walīd, whose designated successor was Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik, tried to exclude Sulaymān from the succession in favour of his son ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, but his attempt failed. After the death of Sulayman at Dābiḳ, 99/717, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wan…

, a well-known philologist, born in Baghdad in 1030/1621 and died in Cairo in 1093/1682. His early education began in Bag̲h̲dād, which from 941/1534 had been the scene of a fierce struggle between the Ṣafawids and the ʿUt̲h̲mānlis. When in 1048/1638 it was retaken by the Turks, under the personal direction of Murād IV, ʿAbd al-Ḳādir left for Damascus. He had by that time acquired a thorough acquaintance with Arabic, Persian and Turkish. He studied Arabic in Damascus with Muḥ. b. Kamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, the naḳīb of Syria, and with Muḥ. b. Yaḥyā al-Farāʾiḍī…

nizār abū manṣūr , fifth Fāṭimid Caliph and the first whose reign began in Egypt. He was born on 14 Muḥarram 344/10 May 955 and had been designated as his successor by his father al-Muʿizz after the death of his brother ʿAbd Allāh in 364/974. He succeeded his father on n Rabīʿ II 365/18 December 975 (or 14 Rabīʿ II/ 21 December) after the latter had had him recognised as his successor by his family and dignitaries on the preceding day. The official proclamation, however, only took place on 10 Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 365/9 August 976. The sources describe him as tall, with red hair and blue ey…

, al-Sayyid ( ca. 1755-1822), the charismatic leader of the common people in Cairo between 1791 and 1809. He mediated the return to power in 1791 of the banished amīr s Ibrāhīm Bey [ q.v.] and Murād Bey, with whom he maintained a long and friendly relationship, became Egypt’s naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf [ q.v.] in November 1793 and continued a political career that took him to a peak of political influence in the chaotic period between the arrival of the French in 1798 and his banishment in 1809. He helped to organise popular resistance to the French, fled Cairo twice, in 1798 and 1800, and…

, an Arabic romance of a chivalric nature which forms part of the 1001 Nights (nights 44 to 146 in the Būlāḳ ed., Chauvin no. 277), but also with independent attestations. The intrigue, which is particularly complex (résumé in Chauvin, Bibliographie , vi, 112-24), falls within the general framework of the Arab-Byzantine wars, like the romance of Ḏh̲u ’l-Himma [ q.v.], but unlike this last, has no reference to any recognisably historical substratum; the events narrated are in a vague past "before the caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān" but after the adv…

al-Dānī al-Is̲h̲bīlī , Spanish Muslim scholar who has left especially significant works in the fields of medicine, the natural and astronomical sciences and music (460-528/1068-1134). 1. Life Probably born at Denia, he acquired a vast knowledge from his teacher, the ḳādī al-Waḳḳās̲h̲ī [ q.v.], inheriting from him an encyclopaedic knowledge of the sciences. He may have studied at Seville, but in 489/1096 arrived in Fāṭimid Egypt, where the caliph’s vizier al-Afḍal had a lively interest in astronomy and soon introduced Abu ’l-Ṣalt to the c…

, native of Pedroche (Bitrawd̲j̲) in the Faḥṣ al-Ballūt, a district to the north of Cordova, founder of a minor dynasty which ruled over the island of Crete (Iḳrītis̲h̲ [ q.v.]) between 212/827 and 350/961, when his descendant ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. S̲h̲uʿayb was dethroned and the island recaptured by the general and future Byzantine emperor Nicephorus Phocas. After the celebrated revolt of the Suburb which broke out in Cordova in 202/818 and was harshly suppressed by the amīr Ḥakam I (cf. umayyads of spain), a group of Andalusians, several thousand in number, who had been expelled …

refers to the son and the four grandsons of ʿAbd al-Ḥakam (said to have died in 171/787-88), a wealthy and influential family of legal scholars and historians in 3rd/9th century Egypt. The Banū ʿAbd al-Ḥakam were among those who introduced Mālikism into Egypt. They were also intimately connected with al-S̲h̲afiʿī [ q.v.], providing the initial financing of his stay in Egypt. Al-S̲h̲āfiʿī is said to have died in their house (Ibn Farḥūn, 134), and he was buried in their family plot. Later, they dissociated themselves from his teaching. Their promi…

al-Ḥakamī , Abū ʿUḳba, an Umayyad general, called Baṭal al-Islām , ‘hero of Islam’, and Fāris Ahl al-S̲h̲ām , ‘cavalier of the Syrians’. He was governor of al-Baṣra for al-Walīd (Caliph 86-96/705-15) under al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, then governor of K̲h̲urāsān and Sid̲j̲istān ¶ for ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, till deposed by ʿUmar after a year and five months (99-100/718-9) for harsh treatment of the new converts to Islam in K̲h̲urāsān. In 104/722-3 al-D̲j̲arrāḥ was appointed governor of Armenia with orders to attack the K̲h̲azars, who at This t…

, seventh caliph of the Umayyad dynasty [ q.v.], r. 96-9/715-17, born probably in Medina about 55/675, son of the subsequent caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān [ q.v.] and of Wallāda bt. al-ʿAbbās b. D̲j̲azʾ from the Banū ʿAbs, a tribe considered part of the Northern Arabian confederation of the G̲h̲aṭafān [ q.v.]. There is almost no substantial information on the first three decades of Sulaymān’s life. It is likely that he came to Syria during the initial stage of the Second Civil War (60-73/680-92) in the company of other members of the Marwānid branch [ q.v.] of the Umayyads emigrating thit…

, nephew of Mūsā b. Nuṣayr [ q.v.] and cousin of his son ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. He was appointed governor of al-Andalus by the Arab wālī of Ḳayrawān, Muḥammad b. Yazīd, in 97/716. He arrived in the Peninsula accompanied by 400 noblemen of Ifrīḳiya, among whom were the first men of eminence to enter al-Andalus. One of his first measures was to transfer the capital of his government to Cordova, considering that the position of Seville was now too remote in view of the extension which the conquest of the cou…

( ca. 72-142/691-759), last governor of al-Andalus before the accession to power of the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I. Great grandson of the conqueror of the Mag̲h̲rib, ¶ ʿUḳba b. Nāfiʿ [ q.v.], he also belonged to one of the most prestigious Arab families to have settled in the Muslim West, renowned on account of its aristocratic Ḳuras̲h̲ī lineage and the participation of several of its members in the conquest of both shores of the Strait. Two brothers, Ḥabīb and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, sons of Abū ʿUbayda ʿUḳba b. Nāfiʿ, accompanied the troops of Mūsā b. Nuṣayr [ q.v.] at the time of the first crossi…

, ʿAlid rebel. After the death of Abū Hās̲h̲im, a grandson of ʿAlī, claims were laid to the Imamate from several quarters. Some asserted that Abū Hās̲h̲im had formally transferred his right to the dignity of Imām to the ʿAbbāsid Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Others said that he had spoken in favor of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr al-Kindī and wanted to proclaim him Imām. As he, however, did not come up to the expectations of his followers, they turned from him and declared ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya, a great-grandson of ʿ…

al-Ḥimyarī al-Yamanī , the first imām elected by the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib. He was one of the five missionaries ( ḥamalat al-ʿilm , "carriers of science") sent to the Mag̲h̲rib by Abū ʿUbayda al-Tamīmī of Baṣra, the spiritual head of the sect, in order to preach there the Ibāḍī creed [cf. ibāḍiyya ]. These missionaries received from Abū ʿUbayda the order to establish an imamate amongst the Ibāḍiyya of Tripolitania, with Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb ¶ as imām. The activities of the ḥamalat al-ʿilm were crowned with success. In 140/757-8 the Ibāḍī notables of Tripolitania, in a council he…

, the name of two Ibāḍī [see ibāḍiyya ] scholars and jurisconsults from the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa [ q.v.] in Tripolitania. 1. Abū ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Abī ʿUt̲h̲mān Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, especially famed as a biographer, died in D̲j̲umādā 928/April-May 1522 in one of the villages of the oasis of the Ifren of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa, in Tripolitania. Among his pupils was Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyāʾ b. Ibrāhīm al-Hawwārī. He was the author of the following works: 1. A commentary on the ʿAḳīda , a short treatise on theology by Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. D̲j̲amīʿ al-Nafūsī; 2. A commentary on his synopsis of the K. al-ʿAdl wa…

, the name given to a dynasty of scholars of Tlemcen. 1. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad , Abū Ṭālib (a) Life This scholar ( ʿālim ) of Tlemcen, who was born in 710/1310 and died in 771/1369 or 1370, is the renowned ancestor ( mas̲h̲hūr ) of a family which has produced several generations of jurisconsults ( fuḳahāʾ ), and more specifically of “philosopher-jurisconsults” (Abū Bakr Ibn S̲h̲uʿayb) or philosophers of law, also known as “theoreticians of law” (W.B. Hallaq), particularly distinguished among whom are his two sons. He was nicknamed al…

(whence the name ibn al-ahtam sometimes given to him) al-tamīmī al-minḳarī , abū ṣafwān , of Baṣra (d. 135/752), the companion of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, K̲h̲ālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī and probably also of Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ, was a transmitter of historical traditions, poetry and memorable orations, but was especially famed for his eloquence, since he fulfilled a rôle parallel to that of the poets, in that he was able to improvise a homily or description …