From the earliest period of Islam down to the present day, attentive readers have ¶ observed that there are words in the Qurʾān which appear to be of non-Arabic origin. Such observations, motivated by varying factors, have been the source of controversy, discussions and extensive study in traditional Muslim and Euro-American scholarship. Why foreign words? When the Qurʾān proclaimed itself to be written in “clear Arabic,” the seeds of discussion, disagreement and analysis concerning the presence of “foreign words” within the text were sown. Not only…

The semantic field of “language” includes several triliteral Arabic roots: l-s-n (Dāmaghānī, Wujūh, ii, 200-1; see H. Jenssen, Arabic language, 132; see also language, concept of), k-l-m (Yaḥyā b. Sallām, Taṣārīf, 303-5; Dāmaghānī, Wujūh, ii, 186-7), q-w-l, l-ḥ-n (Khan, Die exegetischen Teile, 276, on q 47:30: “the burden of their talk,” laḥn al-qawl; Fück, ʿArabīya, 133; Fr. trans. 202; Ullmann, Wa-h̲airu, 21-2). It should be noted that lugha in the sense of manner of speaking (Fr. parler, Ger. Redeweise) is totally absent from the Qurʾān — although the root l-gh-w is attested, but…

 see language and style of the qurʾān; foreign vocabulary Bibliography

 see foreign vocabulary; language and style of the qurʾān; christians and christianity Bibliography

Baal [Baʿl]  Baal  Elijah Baalam [Ibn Bāʿūra]  Luqmān Baalbaki, R.  Foreign Vocabulary Baalbek  Elijah Bab al-Mandab Strait  Abyssinia Babel  Nimrod   Tower of   Clay   Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān   Narratives   Nimrod   Tents and Tent Pegs Babylon [Bābil]  Babylon  Ezra  Hārūt and Mārūt  Isaiah  Magic  Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān  Samaritans  Teaching Babylonia  People of the Book  Qibla  Sheba  Sun  Sūra(s) Babylonian Tower see Babel Babylonian(s)  Antichrist  Day, Times of  Magic al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī  Printing of the Qurʾān Badawi, Jamal  Teaching and Preac…

Sulaymāniyya complex (Damascus)     Moses  Mosque Sulu (language)  Arabic Script Sulwān  Springs and Fountains Sulṭān Bāhū (d. 1103/1691)  Literature and the Qurʾān  South Asian Literatures and the Qurʾān Sulṭān Walad (d. 712/1312)  Persian Literature and the Qurʾān Sumatra  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Sumayya bt. Kubbāṭ (d. bef. the hijra)  Slaves and Slavery Sumerians  Sirius  Springs and Fountains Sumūyadaʿ  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Sumūyafaʿ Ashwaʿ  Yemen Sundanese (language)  Southeast Asian Qurʾānic Literature Sundermann, W.  Last Judgment Sunnīs/…

Sūrat al-Ghāshiya  Sūrat al-Ghāshiya   Philosophy and the Qurʾān   Springs and Fountains   Sūra(s)  1   Last Judgment   Narratives   Pit  2-5   Philosophy and the Qurʾān  2-12   Springs and Fountains  4   Hot and Cold  5   Fire   Hot and Cold   Springs and Fountains   Water  6   Agriculture and Vegetation   Geography  6-7   Fire   Hell and Hellfire  8-10   Garden  8-16   Consolation   Philosophy and the Qurʾān  9-12   Grammar and the Qurʾān  10   Paradise  11   Garden   Pit   Rhymed Prose  12   Springs and Fountains  12-16   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  13   Furniture and Furn…

-tāʾ-   t-b-b    tabba    Form and Structure of the Qurʾān    Rhymed Prose   t-b-t    tābūt    Ark    Festivals and Commemorative Days    Manuscripts of the Qurʾān    Moses    Remnant   t-b-ʿ   Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qurʾān    ittabaʿa    Obedience    ittibāʿ    Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding    tubbaʿ    Tubbaʿ    tābiʿ    Soothsayer    tābiʿūn    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval    Last Judgment    Law and the Qurʾān    Pilgrimage    Sheets    Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān   t-f-f    tatfīf    Cheating   t-h-m    tuhma    Uncertainty   t-j-r    ti…

Sūrat al-Muʾminūn  Sūrat al-Muʾminūn   Biology as the Creation and Stages of Life   Jesus   Material Culture and the Qurʾān   Rhymed Prose   Ritual and the Qurʾān  1   Belief and Unbelief   Grammar and the Qurʾān  1-5   Anatomy  1-6   Belief and Unbelief   Epigraphy  1-9   Reward and Punishment  1-11   Breaking Trusts and Contracts   Literature and the Qurʾān  2   Breaking Trusts and Contracts   Literature and the Qurʾān  3   Breaking Trusts and Contracts   Language and Style of the Qurʾān  4   Breaking Trusts and Contracts  5   Chastity   Sex and Sexuality  5-6   Concubines   …

Christianity  Abraham  Abrogation  Abyssinia  African Americans  Agriculture and Vegetation  Angel  Anthropomorphism  Apocalypse  Apologetics  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Art and Architecture and the Qurʾān  Asceticism  Baptism  Belief and Unbelief  Children  Christians and Christianity  Chronology and the Qurʾān  Community and Society in the Qurʾān  Creation  Death and the Dead   Eastern   Death and the Dead   Textual Criticism of the Qurʾān  Faith  Foreign Vocabulary  Form and Structure of the Qurʾān  Fosterage  Geography  Gospel  History and the Qurʾān  Illiteracy  …

God   House of   City   Throne of   Medina   Throne of God   Water of Paradise Goddard, H.  Baptism Goethe, J.  Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Early Modern and Contemporary  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Translations of the Qurʾān Gog [Yajūj]  Alexander  Antichrist  Apocalypse  Conquest  Gog and Magog  Last Judgment  Narratives  Noah  Power and Impotence  Resurrection  Trips and Voyages Goitein, S.  Fasting  Fātiḥa  Night of Power  Ramaḍān Golden Gate  Jerusalem Goldenberg, G.  Grammar and the Qurʾān Goldman, S.  Joseph Goldziher, I.  Abrogation  Age of Ignorance  Contemporary Cri…

  q-d-s    muqaddas    Names of the Prophet    Profane and Sacred    Sacred Precincts    qudsī    Garden    Names of the Prophet    Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān    qudus    Holy Spirit    Profane and Sacred   q-d-w    iqtidāʾ    Fear   q-d-ḥ    qidḥ, pl. aqdāḥ    Gambling    Soothsayer   q-dh-f    maqdhūf    Flogging    qadhafa    Fear    qadhf    Flogging    Gossip    Law and the Qurʾān    Witnessing and Testifying   q-dh-r    qadhir    Contamination   q-f-l    qufl, pl. aqfāl    Instruments   q-f-r    qaf[f]ūr    Camphor    qāfūr    Camphor   q-f-w    qaffā    Prophets and Prophethood    q…

  ʿ-m-m    ʿawāmm    Contemporary Critical Practices and the Qurʾān    Heresy    Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān    ʿāmm    Jihād    Law and the Qurʾān    ʿāmmiyya   ʿ-m-r    iʿtamara    Pilgrimage    Visiting    ʿamara    Art and Architecture and the Qurʾān    Teaching    ʿumariyyatān    Inheritance    ʿumra    Caravan    Consecration of Animals    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Everyday Life, Qurʾān In    Expeditions and Battles    Farewell Pilgrimage    Fasting    Journey    Kaʿba    Language and Style of the Qurʾān    Months    Numbers and Enumeration    Pilgrimage    Profane and…

  q-s-w-r    qaswara    Animal Life    Textual Criticism of the Qurʾān   q-s-ṭ    muqsiṭ, pl. muqsiṭūn    Love and Affection    qisṭ    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Foreign Vocabulary    God and his Attributes    Justice and Injustice    Measurement    Moderation    Mosque    Philosophy and the Qurʾān    Politics and the Qurʾān    Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding    qāsiṭūn    Justice and Injustice   q-s-ṭ-s    qisṭās    Foreign Vocabulary    Instruments    Measurement   q-t-l    muqātil    Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Classical and Medieval    qatala    Cain and Abel    …

Chinese (language)  Material Culture and the Qurʾān  Translations of the Qurʾān  Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding Chittick, W.  Truth Choudhury, M.A.  Usury Chouraqui, A.  Translations of the Qurʾān Chouémi, M.  Grammar and the Qurʾān  Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qurʾān  Tools for the Scholarly Study of the Qurʾān Christ  Abrogation  Ambiguous  Anointing  Apologetics  Christians and Christianity  Consecration of Animals  Ezra  Festivals and Commemorative Days  Gospel  Iconoclasm  Illiteracy  Jesus   Last Supper   Jesus  Orality  People of the …

Saʿīd al-Dīn al-Farghānī (d. ca. 700/1300)  Michael Saʿīd b. Jubayr (d. 95/714)  Ambiguous  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Left Hand and Right Hand  Mosque of the Dissension  Satanic Verses  Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding Saʿīd b. Manṣūr al-Khurāsānī (d. 227/842)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies Saʿīd b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿāṣ  Markets Saʿīd b. Zayd  Companions of the Prophet Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān  People of the House Saʿīd Ḥawwā see Ḥawwā, Saʿīd Saḥar  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Saṭīh  Magic  Soothsayer  South Asian Literatures and …

Sherkat, Sh.  Women and the Qurʾān al-Shiblī, Abū Bakr (d. 334/946)  Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Ḥabash al-Suhrawardī see al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Ḥabash (d. 578/1191) Shihāb al-Dīn al-Būnī see al-Būnī, Shihāb al-Dīn (d. 622/1225) Shihāb al-Dīn al-ālūsī see al-ālūsī, Maḥmūd Shihāb al-Dīn (d. 1854) Shillong (East Pakistan)  Printing of the Qurʾān al-Shinqīṭī, Shurayḥ al-Khuzāʿī (d. 1913)  Vengeance al-Shīrāzī (d. 1050/1641)  Philosophy and the Qurʾān Shiqq  Soothsayer Shukrī Muṣṭafā  Cave Shukrī ʿAyyād  Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Early Modern a…

Sūrat al-Muṭaffifīn  Sūrat al-Muṭaffifīn   Cheating   Chronology and the Qurʾān   Sūra(s)  1-3   Judgment   Markets   Reward and Punishment   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  2   Measurement  3   Measurement  6   Spatial Relations  7   Pairs and Pairing   Witnessing and Testifying  7-8   Pit   Soothsayer  7-9   Pit   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  7-24   Destiny  8   Pit   Teaching  9   Orality and Writing in Arabia   Writing and Writing Materials  10   Verse(s)  11   Last Judgment  12   Provocation  13   History and the Qurʾān   Literacy   Narratives   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Sign…

Persons given or kept as a pledge, as for the fulfillment of a treaty (see oaths and promises; contracts and alliances). Hostages and hostage-taking in the twentieth-century meaning of those words do not occur in the Qurʾān nor in Islamic law in its classical handbook form (see law and the qurʾān ). The closest qurʾānic attestation of the concept is the triliteral root r-h-n ( rahīn,q 52:21; rahīna, 74:38; rihān,q 2:283), whence also the modern standard Arabic word for “hostages,” rahāʾin. But the qurʾānic usage (lit. “circumscribed”) connotes personal accountability or res…

IAIN see Islam Iathrippa  Geography Iberian Peninsula  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Iblīs  Angel  Arabic Script  Cosmology  Creation  Debate and Disputation  Devil  Faith  God and his Attributes  Good and Evil  Hell and Hellfire  Iblīs  Insolence and Obstinacy  Intention  Jinn  Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān  Narratives  Nature as Signs  Noah  Prayer  Pride  Races  South Asian Literatures and the Qurʾān  Speech  Spiritual Beings  Theology and the Qurʾān  Tree(s)  Troops  Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān Ibn (al-)ʿAbbās, ʿAbdallāh (d. 68-9/686-7)  Agriculture and Veg…