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The tree of Zaqqūm, or the cursed tree mentioned four times in the Qurʾān, with three explicit references (q 37:62; 44:43; 56:52) and one implicit (q 17:60). Unlike the beautiful trees with clustered fruits in paradise (q.v.; q 69:23), the good tree of “the good word” (q 14:24) and the heavenly tree of eternity (q.v.) from which Adam and Eve (q.v.) were prohibited to eat (q 20:120), the tree of Zaqqūm stands out as the ugliest and the most terrifying tree described in the Qurʾān (see trees; agriculture and vegetation). It grows at the bottom of hellfire (see hell and hellfire ), its blossom (ṭalʿu…

to swallow fast, to drink too much milk; fresh butter with dates; plague; a certain foul‐tasting, st…

Sūrat al-Dukhān  Sūrat al-Dukhān   Consultation   Mysterious Letters   Narratives   Ritual and the Qurʾān   Smoke  1-4   Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān  2   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Illiteracy   Language and Style of the Qurʾān   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Sūra(s)  2-3   Muḥammad   Time  3   Chronology and the Qurʾān   Day, Times of   Fasting   Months   Night of Power   Preserved Tablet   Prophets and Prophethood   Ramaḍān  3-4   Fate  3-6   Ramaḍān  4   Ramaḍān  6   Ears   Seeing and Hearing  7   Epigraphy  8   Pairs and Pairing  10   Antichrist   Heaven and Sky   S…

Sūrat al-Ṣāffāt  Sūrat al-Ṣāffāt   Dialogues   Dreams and Sleep   Narratives   Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies   Ranks and Orders   Witness to Faith  1   Cosmology   Ranks and Orders  1-3   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Soothsayer  1-5   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  3   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Literacy   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Sūra(s)  4   God and his Attributes   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  5   Epigraphy   Grammar and the Qurʾān   Pairs and Pairing   Time  6   Cosmology   God and his Attributes   Heaven and Sky  6-7   Beauty  6-…

  sh-j-r    shajar    Fire    Geography    Tree(s)    shajara    Adam and Eve    Cosmology    Covenant    Food and Drink    Geography    Moses    Nature as Signs    Tree(s)    Zaqqūm    shajara al-malʿūna (fī l-qurʾān)    shajara khabītha    shajara min yaqṭīn    shajara mubāraka zaytūna    shajara ṭayyiba    shajarat al-khamr    shajarat al-khuld    shajarat al-zaqqūm    shajarat al-ʿinab    shajarat al-ṭūbā   sh-j-ʿ    shajāʿa    Courage    Trust and Patience   sh-k-k    shakk    Medicine and the Qurʾān    Uncertainty   sh-k-l    ishkāl    Bloodshed    Orthograp…

Sūrat al-Wāqiʿa  Sūrat al-Wāqiʿa   Judgment   Manuscripts of the Qurʾān   Pairs and Pairing   Paradise   Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān   Silk   Sūra(s)   Symbolic Imagery  1   Last Judgment   Pit   Time  1-6   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān  1-56   Apocalypse  2   Pit  4   Time  4-5   Apocalypse  7   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān   Soul  7-44   Literature and the Qurʾān  8   Left Hand and Right Hand   Paradise   Pit   Reward and Punishment  8-9   Grammar and the Qurʾān   Pairs and Pairing   Symbolic Imagery  9   Grammar and the Qurʾān   L…

Zabad  Arabic Script al-Ẓabarī  Aaron  Abyssinia Ẓabyān Temple  South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic Zacharias Graphius  Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies Ẓafār (Ḥimyarī capital)  Yemen Zaghloul El-Naggar see El-Naggar, Z. Zaghhūlī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Aruzzī (d. 559/1164)  Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies al-Ẓāhir (caliph)  Aqṣā Mosque al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī (r. 582-613/1186-1216)  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Ẓāhirī(s)  Metaphor  Polemic and Polemical Language Zahniser, A.M.  Apostle  Form and Structure of the Qurʾān  Indifference  Invitat…

-ṭāʾ-   ṭ-b-b    ṭibb    Amulets    Food and Drink    Geography    Medicine and the Qurʾān    Popular and Talismanic Uses of the Qurʾān    ṭibb al-aʾimma    ṭibb al-nabawī   ṭ-b-q    ṭabaqāt    Companions of the Prophet    ṭibāq    Cosmology    Life    Planets and Stars   ṭ-b-ʿ    maṭbaʿa    Printing of the Qurʾān    ṭabīʿa, pl. ṭabāʾiʿ    Medicine and the Qurʾān    Trinity   ṭ-f-l    ṭifl, pl. aṭfāl    Children    Left Hand and Right Hand    Youth and Old Age    ṭufaylī    Humor   ṭ-gh-r    ṭughrāʾ    Basmala    ṭughrāʾī    Material Culture and the Qurʾān   ṭ-gh-w/ṭ-gh-y    ṭaghā    I…

  z-n-d-q    zandaqa    Createdness of the Qurʾān    Heresy    Polemic and Polemical Language    zindīq, pl. zanādiqa    Apostasy    Heresy    Hypocrites and Hypocrisy    Religious Pluralism and the Qurʾān    Sabians   z-n-j-b-l    zanjabīl    Cups and Vessels    Food and Drink    Foreign Vocabulary    Geography    Smell    Water   z-n-m    zanīm    Illegitimacy   z-n-n    zānin    Chastity   z-n-y    zanā    Sex and Sexuality    zinā    Adultery and Fornication    Commandments    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Homosexuality    Prohibited Degrees    Sex and Sexuality    Witne…

Sūrat al-Ḥāqqa  Sūrat al-Ḥāqqa   Sūra(s)  1   Last Judgment   Literary Structures of the Qurʾān  1-3   Pit   Rhetoric and the Qurʾān   Soothsayer  2   Last Judgment  2-3   Literary Structures of the Qurʾān  3   Last Judgment   Teaching  4   Apocalypse   Last Judgment   Narratives  4-12   Narratives  5   Fire   Geography   Pit   Thamūd   Weather  6   ʿĀd   Air and Wind   Hot and Cold   Suffering   Weather  6-7   Time  7   ʿĀd   Date Palm   Day, Times of   Geography   Literature and the Qurʾān   Simile  8   Remnant  9   Geography   Sin, Major and Minor   Syria  10   Disobedien…

  ʿ-dh-r    maʿādhīr    Left Hand and Right Hand   ʿ-f-f    istaʿaffa    Abstinence    Chastity    Shīʿism and the Qurʾān    iʿfāf    Maintenance and Upkeep   ʿ-f-r    ʿafār    Fire    Tree(s)    ʿifr    ʿIfrīt    ʿifriya    ʿIfrīt   ʿ-f-r-t    ʿifrīt, pl. ʿafārīt    Jinn    Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān    Spiritual Beings    ʿIfrīt   ʿ-f-w    ʿafuww    Forgiveness    God and his Attributes    Pairs and Pairing    ʿafw    Forgiveness    ʿafā    Judgment   ʿ-h-d    aʿhada    Cosmology    iʿtamada    Trust and Patience    maʿāhid    Teaching and Preaching the Qurʾān    taʿāhud    T…

Sūrat Ibrāhīm  Sūrat Ibrāhīm   Mysterious Letters   Pre-1800 Preoccupations of Qurʾānic Studies  1   Book   Light   Names of the Qurʾān   Pairs and Pairing   Path or Way   Trips and Voyages  1-4   Form and Structure of the Qurʾān  1-21   Narratives  2   Pairs and Pairing  3   Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān  4   Anatomy   Arabic Language   Astray   Fate   Foreign Vocabulary   God and his Attributes   Language, Concept of   Language and Style of the Qurʾān   Messenger   Muḥammad   Names of the Qurʾān   Pairs and Pairing   Prophets and Prophethood   Quraysh   Races   Revelation and Ins…

Easter  Ramaḍān Ebrahim, A.  Biology as the Creation and Stages of Life Eden [ʿAdn]  Angel  Dreams and Sleep  Earth  Eschatology  Ethics and the Qurʾān  Feminism and the Qurʾān  Garden  Good and Evil  Jinn  Last Judgment  Literature and the Qurʾān  Nature as Signs  Paradise  People of the Book  Smell  Spatial Relations  Springs and Fountains  Word of God Edessa  Christians and Christianity  Philosophy and the Qurʾān Edirne  Mosque EFA see Islam Effendi, S.  Bahāʾīs Egypt [Miṣr]  Age of Ignorance  Agriculture and Vegetation  Arabic Language  Archaeology and the Qurʾān  Arrogance  A…

-mīm-   m-d-d    amadda    Readings of the Qurʾān    madad    Intercession    madd    Recitation of the Qurʾān    Ḥadīth and the Qurʾān    madda    Day, Times of    Earth    Time    Word of God    madda    Recitation of the Qurʾān    midād    Instruments    Literacy    Nature as Signs    Orality and Writing in Arabia    Writing and Writing Materials    mudda    Time   m-d-n    madīna, pl. madāʾin/mudun   m-d-ḥ    madīḥ, pl. madāʾiḥ    Everyday Life, Qurʾān In   m-h-d    mahd    Earth    Furniture and Furnishings    mihād    Earth    Furniture and Furnishings    Pit   m-h-l    muhl    F…

A perennial woody plant with a main trunk. The Lisān al-ʿArab defines the term shajar as the “kind of plant that has a trunk or stem.” In the Qurʾān, the denominative shajara (nomen unitatis) is the form used most frequently (nineteen times) to designate this concept. The nominal shajar is found generally in a collective sense of trees, bushes or plants; in two instances (q 56:52; 36:80), however, it refers to specific trees, of which more below. For mention of other trees (date palm [q.v.], olive, etc.) see agriculture and vegetation . The contexts in which the collective sense of shajar appe…

Elias, J.  Face of God  Job  John the Baptist  Lamp  Light  Throne of God  Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān Eliash  Revision and Alteration Elijah Muhammad (d. 1975)  African Americans Elijah [Ilyās]  Alexander  Baal  Dhū l-Kifl  Elijah  Elisha  Foretelling in the Qurʾān  Gog and Magog  Good Deeds  Grammar and the Qurʾān  Idrīs  Invitation  Khaḍir/Khiḍr  Messenger  Narratives  Peace  Prophets and Prophethood  Sīra and the Qurʾān  Zechariah Elisha [al-Yasaʿ]  Dhū l-Kifl  Elijah  Elisha  Ezekiel  Ishmael  Job  Narratives  Textual Criticism of the Qurʾān Elizabeth  Aaron  Creation Elmalıl…

Faculty for Islamic Mission see al-Azhar University, Cairo Fadak  Expeditions and Battles  Opposition to Muḥammad Fadel, M.  Chastisement and Punishment  Murder al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-Ṭabarsī (d. 548/1153)  Muʿtazila Fahd, T.  Agriculture and Vegetation  Consecration of Animals  Divination  Foretelling in the Qurʾān Failaka (Kuwait)  Archaeology and the Qurʾān Faizer, R.  Expeditions and Battles Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī see al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 606/1210) Fakhry, M.  Philosophy and the Qurʾān al-Fākihī (historian of Mecca)  Place of Abraham Family of the Prophet see Proph…

Hell has been a source of anxiety in Islam, as it has in many other religions, and the tendency to conceive of it as a part of the material world, complete with its own detailed topography, is strong. Muslim conceptions of Hell range from the traditional picture, with its graphically recounted other-worldly punishments, to a spiritual and personalised interpretation. This entry deals with (1) the tradition of fear of Hell in Islam, as a punishment for major sins, (2) theological reflections and …

Sūrat Ṭā Hā  Sūrat Ṭā Hā   Chronology and the Qurʾān   Cosmology   Mysterious Letters   Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān   Names of the Prophet   Narratives   Sheets   Traditional Disciplines of Qurʾānic Studies   Ṭuwā  1   Literary Structures of the Qurʾān  1-8   Narratives  1-77   Plagues  1-113   Narratives  2   Joy and Misery   Muḥammad  2-3   Ṭuwā  3   Exhortations   Prayer  4   Creation   Prophets and Prophethood   Revelation and Inspiration   Turkish literature and the Qurʾān  5   Anthropomorphism   Cosmology   God and his Attributes  5-8   Witnessing and Testif…

al-Rabadha  Archaeology and the Qurʾān Rabbat, N.  City Rabin, Ch.  Dialects  Grammar and the Qurʾān  Language and Style of the Qurʾān  Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qurʾān Rabīʿ I  Emigration Rachel  Belief and Unbelief  Benjamin Rada  Material Culture and the Qurʾān Radscheit, M.  Provocation  Responsibility  Springs and Fountains  Table  Witnessing and Testifying  Word of God Radtke, B.  Saint  Wisdom al-Rāghī al-Tūnisī (d. 715/1315)  Translations of the Qurʾān al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn (d. 502/1108)  Brother and Brotherhood  Conquest  For…