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(a.), the name of two rather mysterious groups in early Islamic times: 1. Ṣābiʾat al-baṭāʾiḥ . The Mesopotamian dialectal pronunciation of ṣābiʿa , where the ʿayn has been transformed into y or ī , also occurs in Mandaean (cf. Lidzbarski, Ginzā ; Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik ; R. Macuch, Handbook , 94, 1. 16: ṣabuia ). This substantive, which became current in Mecca during the period of Ḳurʾānic preaching, irrespective of its etymology, derives from the Semitic root ṣ-b-ʿ (Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac; Ethiopic ṣabk̲h̲a ), corresponding to ṣ-b-g̲h̲ in Arabic. Th…

, nom de deux groupes assez mystérieux des premiers temps de l’Islam. I — Ṣābiʾat al-Baṭāʾiḥ. Prononciation dialectale mésopotamienne de ṣābiʿa, où le ʿayn se transforma en y ou ī, comme cela s’est produit en mandéen (cf. Lidzbarski, Ginzā; Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik; R. Macuch, Handbook, 94, 1.16: ṣabuia). Ce substantif, ainsi reçu à la Mekke à l’époque de la prédication ḳurʾānique, sans que l’on s’interroge sur son étymologie, dérive de la racine sémitique ṣ b ʿ (araméen, hébreu, syriaque, éthiopien ṣabk̲h̲a), correspondant à ṣ b g̲h̲ en arabe. Le verbe signifie, au premier…

, the Sabaeans. This name has been given to two quite distinct sects. 1. the Mandaeans or Subbas, a Judaeo-Christian sect practising the rite of baptism in Mesopotamia (Christians of John the Baptist); 2. the Sabaeans of Ḥarrān, a pagan sect which survived for a considerable period under Islām, of interest for its doctrines and of importance for the scholars whom it has produced. The Sabaeans mentioned in the Ḳorʾān, who are on three occasions placed along with the Jews and Christians among the “people of the book”, i. e. possessors of a revealed book, are a…

al-Ǧabābira 2 KAPITEL Syrien Ǧabal ad-Durūz 2 KAPITEL Syrien Ǧabal Qāf al-k. al-musammā bil-Wāfi ʾl-kāf 3 KAPITEL Mesopotamien und ʿIrāq al-ǧabr wal-qadar V Kapitel. ʿOmān, Ostafrika und Abessinien, 9 Kapitel. Rumelien und Anatolien ǧabr wal-muqābala 12 Kapitel. Die Mathematik, 13 KAPITEL Die Mathematik, 8 KAPITEL Nordafrika, ANHANG Autoren, deren Zeit und Ort sich nicht sicher bestimmen lassen, in Auswahl nach der europäischen Alphabetfolge geordnet, ANHANG Autoren, deren Zeit und Ort sich nicht sicher bestimmen lassen, in Aus…

[see ṣābiʾa ].

[Voir Ṣābiʾa ].

sābiḳ (A) : the name for the first horse in a horse-race, according to the order of finishing. Furūsiyya In Druze hiera…

Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh al-Ghubrīnī (644–704/1246–1305) stemmed from the Berber tribe of the Banū Ghubrīn (a division of the Zawāwa) in the region of Bijāya (Kabylia, present-day eastern Algeria). Born in Bijāya, he was a faqīh (legal scholar) and muḥaddith (traditionist) and a leading figure of Bijāya’s urban elite until his death. Ibn Khaldūn mentions him, just before his death, as kabīr Bijāya wa-ṣāḥib shūrā-hā (a member of Bijāya’s elite and chief of its advisory council). As such, he supported the autonomy of Abū Zakariyyā (d. 700/1301) and Abū l…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim b. Muḥammad b. Yūsuf ʿAlam al-Dīn al-S̲h̲āfiʿī, Arab historian, was born at Seville in Ḏj̲umādā I 665 = February 1267, of Berber parents, and travelled to the east on the conclusion of his studies, where he first took up his abode in Ḥalab in 685 (1286). After making the pilgrimage to Mecca in 688 (1289), he settled in Damascus. Here he received a professorship in the al-As̲h̲rafīya-school of Tradition, and in 713 (1313), a teaching post in the Ẓāhirīya also. He ultimately became the first…

[Giovianus] 1429-1503. Italy. One of the most important authors of Neapolitan Humanism. Born in Cerreto di Spoleto, he settled in Naples in 1448, after entering the service of Alfonso the Magnanimous in 1447. There he was active in the chancery and diplomatic spheres and was tutor of Charles of Navarra and Alfonso duke of Calabria. In 1458 he became Counsellor of King Ferdinand, son of the Magnanimous, and from 1466 was his secretary. In 1474 he became President of the Camera della Sommaria, and in 1487 he became Secretary of State. Succeeding Antonio Beccadelli, he led the Porticus Antonia…

, Sīdī Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Sanūsī al-Mud̲j̲āhirī al-Ḥasanī al-Idrīsī, born in 1206 (1791) at Turs̲h̲ near Mostaganem (Algeria) in a duar of the Ḵh̲aṭāṭiba (Ulad Sīdī Yūsuf) of Zaiyānī Berber stock, and died in 1276 (1859) at Ḏj̲ag̲h̲būb (Cyrenaica), the founder of the celebrated modern military brotherhood of the Sanūsīya (the “Senusis”). Taught at first by Abū Rās (d. 1823) and Belganduz (d. 1829) in his native country he went to live at Fes from 1821 to 1828 where he studied Ḳurʾānic exegesis, tradition, the principles of law and jurisprudence.…

, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ b. Aḥmad , historian and librarian, born in Bag̲h̲dād on 17 Muḥarram 642/25 June 1244. At the age of fourteen, he was imprisoned by the conquering Mongols and remained in this situation for, it seems, less than two years. In 660/1261-62, he joined the great scholar and wazīr , Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī [ q.v.], in Marāg̲h̲a where he became the librarian of the Observatory Library. In 679/1280-81, he returned to his native Bag̲h̲dād and was soon appointed director of the Mustanṣiriyya Library. Apart from occasional trips within …

, Kamāl al-dīn ʿAbd al-Raẓẓāḳ b. Aḥmad, historien et bibliothécaire, né à Bag̲h̲dād le 17 muḥarram 642/25 juin 1244. A ¶ l’âge de 14 ans, il tut mis en prison par les envahisseurs mongols et y demeura, semble-t-il, moins de deux ans. En 660/1261-2, il rejoignit le grand érudit et wazīr Naṣīr al-dīn al-Ṭūsī [ q.v.] à Marāg̲h̲a où il devint le conservateur de la bibliothèque attachée à l’Observatoire; en 679/1280-1, il revint à Bag̲h̲dād, où il ne tarda pas à être nommé directeur de la bibliothèque Mustanṣiriyya. En plus de quelques déplacements insig…

Daniel ben Samuel ibn Abī ʾl-Rabīʿ ha-Kohen succeeded Isaac ben Israel in 1248 as gaon of the main Babylonian yeshiva in Baghdad and continued in office until his death in 1250/51. The Arabic historian Ibn al-Fuwaṭī (p. 218) reports that when Daniel, accompanied by “a throng of Jews and a group of devotees of the dīwān,” was returning to the yeshiva “on foot” after being appointed by the chief qāḍī ‘Abd al-Raḥmān, he was met by “a group of the common people [who] interposed with the intent to stone him, yet they were rebuffed in their endeavor and prevented.” Wh…

(a.), fer. D’après la Sūrat al-Ḥadīd (VII, 25), Dieu a envoyé le fer sur la terre pour le mal et le bien des hommes, car on en fait des armes et des outils. D’après la croyance des Sabéens [voir Ṣābiʾa], il est consacré à Mars. C’est le plus dur et le plus solide des métaux, et c’est le plus résistant à l’action du feu, mais c’est celui qui s’oxyde le plus facilement. Il est attaqué par les acides; en effet, avec l’écorce fraîche de la grenade, il donne un liquide noir (observation du fer attaqué par l’acide tannique); avec le vinaig…

(Hebr. S̲h̲ēt̲h̲), Seth the third son of Adam and Eve (Gen. IV, 25-6, V, 3-8), regarded in Islamic lore as one of the first prophets and, like his father, the recipient of a revealed scripture. He is not mentioned in the Ḳurʾān, but plays a considerable role in the subsequent Ḳiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ [ q.v.] literature (see below). He is said to have been born when his father was 130 years of age, five years after the murder ¶ of Abel. When Adam died, he made him his heir and executor of his will. He taught him the hours of the day and of the night, told him of the Flood to come…

, Abū Mūsā ʿĪsā b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Yalalbak̲h̲t b. ʿĪsā b. Yūmarīlī, belonging to the Berber tribe of Ḏj̲azūla (not Ḏj̲uzūla, as Ibn Ḵh̲allikān says) or better Gazūla (the modern Gazzūla) a branch of the Yazdakts in Southern Morocco is best known by his short introduction ( Muḳaddima) to the study of Arabic grammar, called al-Ḳanūn. After the completion of his early education in Marrākus̲h̲ he went to the east to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medīna. In Cairo he attended the lectures of the celebrated philologist Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī and it is even said that his Ḳanūn is merely a…

, John the Baptist. This prophet plays a fairly prominent part in the Ḳurʾān, which mentions him with Jesus, Elijah and other prophets among the just persons who serve as arguments for the oneness of God (Sūra vi. 83). The history in the Gospels of his miraculous birth is twice given (iii. 33—36 and xix. 1 sq.): God gives him to his parents Zacharias and Elisabeth in spite of their years. There is a kind of annunciation to Zacharias: “O Zacharias, we announce a son to thee; his name shall be Yaḥyā; no one has borne this name before him” (xix. 7). Yaḥ…

Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Jurāwī (d. 609/1212) was perhaps the best Maghribī poet of the Almohad period. He was descended from the Berber Gurāwa tribe (hence his nisba), a branch of the Zenata Berbers settled in the area of Fez. (As suggested by the various spellings of the tribe’s name and the poet’s nisba found in the sources, the correct pronunciation is either al-Gurāwī or al-Garāwī.) Al-Jurāwī was born in Tadla in the third decade of the sixth/twelfth century. He studied in his native town, as well as in Marrakech and Fez and in al…

Béjaïa (Bougie, Bijāya), in Little Kabylia (Petite Kabylie, Algeria), is located at the outlet of the Wādī Soummam, at the foot of the Jabal Gurāya, on a good harbour, on the Gulf of Béjaïa, which is well protected from westerly winds. The site was occupied by a Carthaginian trading post and then by a Roman colony (Saldae), which was established circa 25 B.C.E. Its history during the first centuries of Islam is obscure. Probably as early as the third/ninth or fourth/tenth century, it welcomed An…