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, local ruler in northern Palestine in the 18th century ( ca. 1690-1775). His father and grandfather had already been multazim s of Tiberias, and as a young man, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar struck an alliance with the al-Ṣaḳr tribe of eastern Galilee and made Tiberias his first power base. The 1730s were filled with efforts to expand his realm and consolidate his rule. In 1738 he conquered the fortress of D̲j̲iddīn, which controlled the region of Tars̲h̲īḥa, Wabar and Abū Sinān, and Ṣafad surrendered to him…

, souverain local du Nord de la Palestine au XVIIIe s. (vers 1690-1775). Son père et son grand-père avaient déjà été multazims de Tibériade, et dans sa jeunesse, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar avait conclu une alliance avec la tribu al-Ṣaḳr de Galilée orientale et fait de Tibériade sa première base vers le pouvoir. Il s’efforça au cours des années ¶ 1730 d’agrandir son royaume et de consolider sa domination. En 1738, il conquit la forteresse de Ḏj̲iddīn, qui contrôlait la région de Tars̲h̲īḥa, Wabar et Abū Sinān, et peu de temps après, il obtint la reddition de Ṣafad…

Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū l-Faḍl ʿAbdallāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir b. Nashwān b. ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir b. ʿAlī b. Najda al-Saʿdī al-Rawḥī al-Judhāmī (d. 692/1293), who served as a secretary at the state chancery in Cairo, is the author of panegyrical histories of the several Mamlūk sultans under whom he served. Little is known about Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir’s life. He was born in Cairo on 19 Muḥarram 620/22 February 1223. His education followed the traditional curriculum until he began work in the state chancery, probably during the…

(a.), two terms of Arabic theological and philosophical discourse, the first, ẓāhir , meaning “outward, external, exoteric sense”, hence “apparent, manifest sense”, and the second, bāṭin , its antonym, meaning “hidden, inner, esoteric sense”. This pair of words occurs together four times in the Ḳurʾān: in VI, 120, to describe the outwardness and the inwardness of a sin; in XXXI, 20, as adjectives to describe God’s blessings, both manifest and hidden; in LVII, 3, as names of God to mean that He is th…

Al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd Khushqadam b. ʿAbdallāh al-Nāṣirī l-Muʾayyadī (b. c.807/1404, d. 10 Rabīʿ I 872/9 October 1467) was sultan of Mamlūk Egypt and Syria (r. 19 Ramaḍān 865–10 Rabīʿ I 872/28 June 1461–9 October 1467). Born in the lands of Rūm, possibly of Arnāwuṭ stock, Khushqadam followed the standard curriculum of military slaves (mamlūks): imported in his teens by slave-merchant Nāṣir al-Dīn (hence his first nisba), he was purchased and manumitted by Sulṭān al-Muʾayyad Shaykh (r. 815–24/1412–21, hence his second nisba), and was subsequently made an “intimate” (k…

(a.), deux termes du débat théologique et philosophique arabe, le premier ẓāhir, signifiant «sens extérieur, externe, exotérique», donc «sens apparent, manifeste», et le second, bāṭin, son antonyme, «sens caché, intérieur, ésotérique». Ces deux mots apparaissent ensemble quatre fois dans le Ḳurʾān: dans VI, 120, pour définir l’extériorité et l’intériorité d’un péché; dans XXXI, 20, ce sont des adjectifs qui décrivent les bénédictions de Dieu, tant manifestes que cachées; dans LVII, 3, ce sont des noms de Dieu qui signi…

Baybars I al-Bunduqdārī al-Ṣāliḥī, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn (r. 658–76/1260–77), was the fourth Mamlūk sultan and the real founder of the Mamlūk sultanate, which ruled over Egypt and Syria until the Ottoman conquest in 923/1517. Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes. He was probably born about 625/1227–8 in the southern Russian steppes as a member of a Qipçāq-Turkish group. At the age of fourteen he became a slave. The amīr Aydakīn al-Bunduqdār bought him in Ḥamāt (Hama) a short while late…

Ḥammawayh Family (written as ḥmwya, al-ḥmwwyh, al-ḥmwwʾy, al-ḥmwyy; vocalised variously as Ḥamūya, Ḥamawayh, Ḥamuwayī, Ḥamawiyya, Ḥamuwī, Ḥamūyaʾī, etc.), were members of a family of Shāfiʿī scholars that produced noted traditionists, jurists, and Sufis. They originated in the Juwayn region of Khurāsān. Members of the family migrated to Greater Syria and Egypt, where they became influential and high-ranking officials in the service of the Ayyūbids. The family’s origin has been debated by schol…

ʿAbbāsids, an important branch of the Banū Hāshim clan, and also the longest lasting caliphate of the Islamic world. The genealogy of the ʿAbbāsids goes back to al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, grandson of Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf. After the ʿAbbāsids' rise to power, their claim to legitimacy was centred on al-ʿAbbās, as the Prophet's uncle, and it was therefore essential for his historical image—and that of some of his children and grandchildren—to be in accordance with the requirements of the political agenda of his s…

In Band 8 | III. Lexikographen im Irak previous section aš-Šarqī b. al-Quṭāmī Abu l-Muṯannā al-Walīd b. al-Ḥuṣain b. Ǧamāl, ein Kufenser Lexikograph, Genealoge, Überlieferer der Poesie und der damit verknüpften Nachrichten, Geschichtenerzähler, „schwacher" Traditionarier und Geograph (s. dort), überlieferte von Luqmān b. ʿĀmir, Muǧālid b. Saʿīd u.a.m.; zu seinen Überlieferern gehörten Ibn al-Kalbī, al-Madāʾinī und Yazīd b. Hārūn. Er wurde vom Kalifen al-Manṣūr nach Bagdad gerufen und mit der Erziehung des Prinzen al-Mahdī betraut. Er scheint um 150/767 gestorben zu sein. Ǧāḥi…

In Band XVII: Schöngeistige Literatur Teil 2 Bildungs- und Unterhaltungsliteratur | V. Bildungs- und Unterhaltungsliteratur | A. Autoren previous section MUḤAMMAD B. AL-ĞAHM AL-BARMAKĪ scheint ein maulā der Barmakiden gewesen zu sein. Der Kalif al-Maʾmūn machte ihn zum Statthalter in persischen Provinzen. Er soll im Jahre 229/844 in Sūs (Ḫūzistān) gestorben sein (Ibn Ḥağar, Lisān V, 109, versehentlich 129 H.). Muḥammad b. al-Ğahm war Literat, Philosoph, Mediziner (s. GAS III, 362) und Astrologe (GAS VII, 124), auch werden einige Verse ¶ von ihm überliefert (s. z.B. Ṣūlī, Aurāq, Aḫ…

In Band 7 | Erster Teil: Astrologie | III. Arabische Astrologen previous section Ḫālid b. Yazīd Es stehen einige Anhaltspunkte dafür zur Verfügung, daß der Umaiyadenprinz Ḫālid b. Yazīd sich außer mit Alchimie (s. GAS IV, 120–126) mit Astrologie, vielleicht auch mit Astronomie befaßt hat. Zu dem Bericht des Ibn an-Nadīm (S. 354), daß für Ḫālid b. Yazīd neben medizinischen und alchimistischen Schriften auch Bücher über Sternkunde übersetzt worden seien, finden sich noch weitere bestätigende Angaben. Das bereits (S. 9) hervorgehobene Zeugnis von al-Bīrūnī, daß das Ptolemaios zugesc…

In Band 6 | III. Arabische Astronomen previous section az-Zīǧ al-ʿatīq Im Zusammenhang mit der Berechnung des Breitengrades von Bust weist al-Bīrūnī in seinem Taḥdīd nihāyāt al-amākin (S. 268) darauf hin, daß er in Ġazna einen Zīǧ auf altem Pergament mit Angaben nach der diokletianischen Ära gesehen habe, in dessen Anhang sich Zusätze eines Gelehrten – Notizen und Daten von Sonnenfinsternissen – befunden hätten, die zwischen 90 und 100 nach der Hiǧra beobachtet worden seien. Nachdem al-Bīrūnī die Angaben über den Breitengrad von Bust aus dem alten Zīǧ, der auch den Wert der Schief…

In Band XVII: Schöngeistige Literatur Teil 2 Bildungs- und Unterhaltungsliteratur | V. Bildungs- und Unterhaltungsliteratur | A. Autoren previous section MŪSĀ B. ʿISĀ AL-KISRAWĪ ein Literat, der vermutlich in Baġdād wirkte. Er gehörte zu den Übersetzern, welche Bücher aus dem Pehlewi ins Arabische übersetzten. Er soll nach Angabe von Ismāʿīl al-Baġdādī, Hadīyat al-ārifin II, 477 im Jahre 186/802 gestorben sein. Ibn an-Nadīm S. 128, 245; Th. Nöldeke zu: Fr. Baethgen, Sindban oder die sieben weisen Meister. Syrisch und deutsch, Leipzig 1879 in: ZDMG 33/1879/513-536, bes. S.…

In Band XIV: Antropogeographie, Teil 1, Gesamt- und Ländergeographie, Stadt- und Regionalgeographie previous section IBN ABĪ ṮĀBIT AL-A'RAĞ Abū Zakarīyāʾ'Abdal'azīz b. 'Imrān b. 'Abdal'azīz Ibn Abī Ṯābit az-Zuhrī al-Madīnī, Historiker und Traditionarier – als solcher galt er als schwach – war auch dichterisch begabt. Ibn an-Nadīm (S. 108) bezeichnet ihn als Verfasser von Büchern, von denen er jedoch nur das K. al-Aḥlāf namentlich nennt. Zahlreiche Zitate von 'Umar b. Šabba und Ibrāhīm al-Ḥarbī lassen vermuten, daß sie auf ein Werk über Medina von Ibn Abī …

¶ [800c] In the first days of Muharram of this turbulent year when, on one hand, the toxin of the contagious and fatal (cholera) epidemic was rampant and, on another, Dajjal (anti-Christ)-like swords were cutting the cord of life of rebels, militia horsemen from Badakhshan under the command of Fath Muhammad Khan, Faqir Muhammad Khan, and Ghulam Muhyi al-Din Khan, reached Ghurband because of a farman and proclamation which had gone out to them. From there they set out for Bamyan where they joined …

, kunya of muḥammad bey , a grandee of Ottoman Egypt. Acquired as a mamlūk by Bulūṭ ḳapān ʿAlī Bey [ q.v.] (the date, 1175, given in D̲j̲abartī, ʿAd̲j̲āʾib , i, 417, is obviously incorrect), he became the chief officer in his master’s household as k̲h̲āzindār in 1174/1760. When in 1178/1764-5 he was raised to the beylicate, he obtained his kunya by distributing a largesse of gold. In 1184/1770 he commanded the expeditionary force sent by ʿAlī Bey to install a Hās̲h̲imite protégé in Mecca. As commander of the force sent by ʿAlī Bey in 1185/1771 to co-oper…

, kunya de Muḥammad Bey, grand personnage de l’Égypte ottomane. Après avoir été acquis comme mamlūk par le dulut ḳapan ʿAlī Bey [ q.v.], à une date bien autérieure à celle (1175/1761-2) qu’indique al-Ḏj̲abartī (I, 417), il devint le principal officier de la maison de son maître, en qualité de k̲h̲āzindār (vers 1174/septembre 1760). En 1178/1764-5, lors de sa promotion au beylicat, il obtint sa kunya en distribuant de l’or; il commanda ensuite (1184/1770) le corps expéditionnaire envoyé par ʿAlī Bey pour installer un protégé hās̲h̲imite à La Mekke. Commandant …

Aḥmad Pasha al-Jazzār was an Ottoman governor known for his ruthlessness and for successfully defending Acre against Napoleon Bonaparte’s siege in 1213/1799. Born in Bosnia in 1135/1722–3 (al-Bayṭār, 1:127; Shihābī, 2:796; Taʾrīkh ḥawādith al-Shām, 15), Aḥmad left his homeland to take up residence in Istanbul. Once there, however, he faced poverty and deprivation (al-Bayṭār, 1:127) and eventually resolved to move to Egypt in 1155/1769, where he entered the service of several Mamlūk leaders and was put in charge of a village in …

, a name given (a) to the Ismāʿīlīs in medieval times, referring to their stress on the bāṭin , the “inward” meaning behind the literal wording of sacred texts; and (b), less specifically, to anyone accused of rejecting the literal meaning of such texts in favour of the bāṭin. (a) Among the Ismāʿīlīs [ q.v.] and some related S̲h̲īʿī groups there developed a distinctive type of taʾwīl [ q.v.], scriptural interpretation, which may be called bāṭinī . It was symbolical or allegoristic in its method, sectarian in its aims, hierarchically imparted, and s…