Search

Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Holmes, Stephen R." ) OR dc_contributor:( "Holmes, Stephen R." )' returned 14 results. Modify search

Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first

Protestantism

(7,917 words)

Author(s): Wallmann, Johannes | Guder, Darrell | Holmes, Stephen R
[German Version] I. Church History 1. Germany and Europe. Protestantism is a synoptic term for all the Christian churches and groups with roots in the 16th-century Reformation. The term embraces the Lutheran and Reformed confessional churches (Lutheranism, Reformed churches) that emerged directly from the Reformation as well as the Anabaptist movements, the Anglican Church (with some qualifications), and the churches and Free churches associated indirectly with the Reformation that came into being later (Presbyterians, Congregationalists [Congregationalism], Baptis…

Natural Religion

(1,284 words)

Author(s): Byrne, Peter | Holmes, Stephen R.
[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion The concept of natural religion has more than one sense. Its primary sense was fixed during the European Enlightenment (II, 2). Natural religion is opposed to revealed religion. It is a religion based on human reason alone, in contrast to a religion whose essential principles can be known only because they have been communicated through a divine message given to specific people at specific times and places. The principles of natural religion are held to be discoverable by all people at all times and places.…

Justice and Righteousness

(8,833 words)

Author(s): Otto, Eckart | Klaiber, Walter | Höffe, Otfried | Holmes, Stephen R. | Anzenbacher, Arno | Et al.
[German Version] I. Bible – II. Philosophy – III. History of Theology and Dogmatics – IV. Ethics – V. Law – VI. Social Politics, Social Ethics – VII. Missiology – VIII. Islam I. Bible 1. Ancient Near East and Old Testament The concept of justice in the ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible is basically one of connectivity. It designates the positive relation of the king to the gods and to his people, of the individual to the various collectives ranging from the family to the entire nation, of the deed to the doer's well-being, as well as the correlation between the human being and nature. The antithesis of juridical and soteriological interpretations of justice emphasizing the punitive or salvific aspects of action are to be overcome in favor of an initial starting point in connective justice (J. Ass…

Righteousness/Justice of God

(5,846 words)

Author(s): Friedli, Richard | Spieckermann, Hermann | Klaiber, Walter | Holmes, Stephen R. | Avemarie, Friedrich | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies 1. Human destiny. The human experience of existence holds both positive and negative events. Personal and structur…

Self-sufficiency of God

(1,213 words)

Author(s): Holmes, Stephen R.
[German Version] I. Philosophy of religion Self-sufficiency is the characteristic “a se,” to be self-caused or self-existing and is therefore regarded against the background of the aseity of God. To speak of God’s self-sufficiency is to say that his being (Divine essence) and his characteristics (Divine attributes) do not have an external reason or cause. In modern philosophical debate the view that God is self-caused, i.e. he is the necessary requirement of his own ex…

Pelagius/Pelagians/Semi-Pelagians

(2,236 words)

Author(s): Löhr, Winrich | Markschies, Christoph | Holmes, Stephen R.
[German Version] I. Church History Pelagius was an ascetic and theological writer from Britain. Before 410 he taught in Rome, and in 411/412, following the capture of Rome by the Goths, …

Satisfaction, Doctrine of

(430 words)

Author(s): Holmes, Stephen R.
[German Version] The classic deployment of the concept of “satisfaction” in Christian soteriology (Redemption: III; VI) comes in Anselm of Canterbury’s Cur Deus Homo, where Anselm attempts to demonstrate the necessity of the incarnation and passion of God the Son. He asserts that willful injury done to another demands two acts of reparation if it is not to be ¶ punished: recompense to the value of the injury and an additional payment to “satisfy” the outrage of the injury being done. Boso, Anselm’s imaginary interlocutor, offers no argument against this assertion, and Anselm offers no defense for it: he seems to assume that his readers will simply accept it as obviously true. Various backgrounds would seem to contribute to the concept, notably biblical, Teutonic, and Roman legal codes. It is common to trace his argument to the Church’s penitential system (Repentance: IV, 3), the argument in the book relativizes the penitential system, so this should not be pressed too far…

Baptism

(22,186 words)

Author(s): Alles, Gregory D. | Avemarie, Friedrich | Wallraff, Martin | Grethlein, Christian | Koch, Günter | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. New Testament – III. Church …

Satisfaktionslehre

(422 words)

Author(s): Holmes, Stephen R.
[English Version] . Ihre klassische Entfaltung in der christl. Soteriologie (Erlösung/Soteriologie: III., VI.) findet die Vorstellung der »Satisfaktion« in Anselm von Canterburys Schrift »Cur Deus homo«, in der er versucht, die Notwendigkeit der Inkarnation (: III.) und des Leidens Christi zu zeigen. Anselm geht davon aus, daß mutwillig zugefügter Schaden zweierlei Wiedergutmachungsakte erfordert, wenn eine Bestrafung vermieden werden soll: Zurückerstattung in Höhe des Schadens sowie eine zusätzli…

Taufe

(19,410 words)

Author(s): Alles, Gregory D. | Avemarie, Friedrich | Wallraff, Martin | Grethlein, Christian | Koch, Günter | Et al.
[English Version] I. ReligionsgeschichtlichAus religionswiss. Sicht ist die T. kein allg. Ritustyp (Ritus/Ritual), sondern ein Lustrationsritual, das sowohl im Christentum als auch in den gesch. mit diesem verwandten Rel. wie Judentum und Mandäismus durchgeführt wird. Die T. hat sich aus Lustrationsritualen antiker nahöstlicher Flußzivilisationen entwickelt, wobei die Einzelheiten dieser Entwicklung eher im dunkeln liegen. In der Spätzeit des Zweiten Tempels…

Selbstgenügsamkeit (Gottes)

(1,176 words)

Author(s): Holmes, Stephen R.
[English Version] I. Religionsphilosophisch S. ist die Eigenschaft »a se«, aus sich, selbstverursacht oder selbstexistent zu sein und wird daher meist vor dem Hintergrund der Aseität Gottes gesehen. Von Gottes S. zu sprechen, heißt zu sagen, daß sein Wesen (Wesen Gottes) und seine Eigenschaften (Eigenschaften Gottes) keinen externen Grund und keine externe Ursache haben. In modernen philos. Debatten wird dabei die A…

Natürliche Religion

(1,213 words)

Author(s): Byrne, Peter | Holmes, Stephen R.
[English Version] I. Religionsphilosophisch Der Begriff der n.Rel. ist mehrdeutig. Seine primäre Bedeutung wurde während der eur. Aufklärung (: II., 2.) festgelegt. Die n.Rel. wird der Offenbarungsrel. gegenübergestellt. Sie gründet sich allein auf die menschliche Vernunft und steht damit im Gegensatz zu einer Rel., deren wesentliche Grundsätze nur deshalb bekannt sein können, weil sie durch eine göttliche Botschaft bestimmten Menschen …

Protestantismus

(7,514 words)

Author(s): Wallmann, Johannes | Guder, Darrell | Stephen, R. Holmes | Holmes, Stephen R.
[English Version] I. Kirchengeschichtlich 1.Deutschland und Europa P. ist zusammenfassender Begriff für die Gesamtheit der christl. Kirchen und Gruppen, deren Ursprünge auf die Reformation des 16.Jh. zurückgehen. Der Begriff P. umgreift die unmittelbar aus der Reformation hervorgegangenen luth. und ref. Konfessionskirchen (Luthertum, reformierte Kirchen) sowie die Täuferbewegungen (Täufer), mit Einschränkung auch die anglikanische Kirche, daneben die mittelbar mit der Reformation verbundenen, in der späteren Gesch. des P. entstandenen Kirchen und Freikirchen…